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- Lionel Trilling & Steven Marcus 'edited and abridged' the three-volume work. This was after Jones' death in 1958. I'd thought Jones was American; in fact he went to Cardiff & UCL, and also 'attended universities at Munich, Paris, and Vienna.' I conclude he was Welsh. He became Professor of Psychiatry at Toronto etc, returning to England [sic] 1913. He obviously took to Psycho-Analysis, and was President of four separate Psycho-Analytical Associations, Societies, and Institutes, as well as founding and editing a journal. 'He published twelve BOOKs and 300 monographs'.

- Freud 1856-1939; i.e. about 23 years older than Jones.
- Jones 1879-1958; so this biography published when he was aged about 74-78. Jones has a hero-worshipping attitude to Freud, which is tiresome; for example, it's hard to assess Freud's contributions to physiology, because Jones keeps giving other peoples' opinions and discussing the effect on Freud's career, rather than frankly assessing it - which in any case Jones, one imagines, couldn't do. See e.g. around 186 for accounts of three of Freud's diagnoses: meningeal haemorrhage, endocarditis.., syringomyelia. Were these exceptional?
Also Jones can't - at least in the extracts given - explain exactly what Freud thought and did; the word 'unconscious' isn't even in the index.
Jones is also weak on the economic background, apart from hints. One would like to know without having to pick through passages exactly how long he kept going with little money, and infer perhaps the financial interest he had in his own theories and in keeping the process of 'analysis' expensive and long-drawn-out.

- 23: [Note: HISTORY OF IDEAS SECTION omitted:] '.. Volume III of the original edition nearly 200 pages are given to Dr Jones's 'Historical review' of Freud's relation to and influence upon various intellectual disciplines; these pages.. make virtually a book in themselves.. but by no means necessary to an understanding of his life and character; ..'
- 25: [ACCOUNTS OF FREUD'S SUPPRESSION OF INFORMATION: 25 explains how he didn't want an autobiography written; the 'cocaine' chapter explains how he pretended not to have recommended cocaine; the chapter on Fliess shows him destroying Fliess's letters, and makes it clear he would have destroyed his to Fliess if he could only have got hold of them. [Note: false allegations:] Child sex abuse allegations by parents: Freud came to realise, or believe, these were false, and as a result had to change his theories; however as far as I can tell he couldn't or didn't retrospectively adjust the evidence]
- [EXAMPLES OF FREUD'S PLAGIARISM AND BORROWINGS; AND CONSEQUENT CRANK THINGS: 167: LES TENTATIONS DE SAINT ANTOINE poss some influence/ 167-8: WOMEN: J S Mill on women/ 189 &c: GOLD CHLORIDE STAIN/ 202: CATHARTIC METHOD discovered by Frau Anna O; see below/ FREE ASSOCIATION: 216 prompted by Elisabeth & 219 author Ludwig Börne (see below)/ SEX: 221: Breuer, Charcot and Chrobak all supposed to have talked about causative effect of sex, then denied this/ DREAMS:
COCAINE/ HYPNOTISM 209-213/ ELECTRICITY 209/ MAGNETISM 209/ NUMEROLOGY/ MULTIPLE PERSONALITY/ HYSTERIA/ BATHS & MASSAGE 209,212/ CHEMICAL MALE AND FEMALE MATERIALS 259-260/ ALL KNOWN CONTRACEPTIVES HARMFUL 260/ TRAUMA OF BIRTH THEORY 522, 526-8/ TELEPATHY 541]
- [FREUD AS BOURGEOIS: [1] Waiting to get married; 169: 'His prospects of ever being able to earn a living in Vienna being so uncertain..'; [2] Viennese snobbery and Freud's fitting in; [3] Careerist moves and medical career structure and status of medical world; [4] Money worries as he tries to get clients; [5] After the First World War, he (and these biographers) see nothing incongruous in Freud's continuing to 'analyse']
- [FREUD AS SOMETHING LIKE MARX, head of an International movement, which of course is internally torn:]
- [FREUD AND WIDER HISTORY OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, NAPOLEON AND FRANCE, PRUSSIA, JEWS ETC ETC; EXAMPLES OF LACK OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE OF BIOGRAPHERS:]

- CONTENTS OVERVIEW:
INTRODUCTION BY TRILLING
FROM JONES'S FIRST PREFACE

BOOK ONE: THE FORMATIVE YEARS AND THE GREAT DISCOVERIES (1856-1900)

1 ORIGINS (1856-1860)
2 BOYHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE (1860-1873)
3 CHOICE OF PROFESSION (1873)
4 THE MEDICAL STUDENT (1873-1881)
5 MEDICAL CAREER (1881-1885)
6 THE COCAINE EPISODE (1884-1887)
7 BETROTHAL (1882-1886)
8 MARRIAGE (1886)
9 PERSONAL LIFE (1880-1890)
10 THE NEUROLOGIST (1883-1897)
11 THE BREUER PERIOD (1882-1894)
12 EARLY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY (1890-1897)
13 THE FLIESS PERIOD (1887-1902)
14 SELF-ANALYSIS (1897-)
15 PERSONAL LIFE (1890-1900)
16 THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS (1895-1899)

BOOK TWO: THE YEARS OF MATURITY (1901-1919)

17 EMERGENCE FROM ISOLATION (1901-1906)
18 THE BEGINNING OF INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION (1906-1909)
19 THE INTERNATIONAL PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATION (1910-1914)
20 OPPOSITION
21 DISSENSIONS
22 THE 'COMMITTEE'
23 THE WAR YEARS
24 MODE OF LIFE AND WORK
25 CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY

BOOK THREE: THE LAST PHASE (1919-1939)

26 REUNION (1919-1920)
27 DISUNION (1921-1926)
28 PROGRESS AND MISFORTUNE (1921-1925)
29 FAME AND SUFFERING (1926-1933)
30 LAST YEARS IN VIENNA (1934-1938)
31 LONDON - THE END
INDEX [About 12 pages of double columns; sketchy and inadequate]

- CONTENTS IN MORE DETAIL:
INTRODUCTION BY TRILLING
- I suspect 'Mr Marcus' translated German documents. '.. The effect that psycho-analysis has had upon the life of the West is incalculable.' 'Like certain other disciplines, psycho-analysis is more clearly and firmly understood if it is studied in its historical development. But.. Freud developed its concepts all by himself. .. of his early coadjutors .. none of them - with the exception of Josef Breuer .. contributed anything essential to the theory.. They help they gave Freud consisted chiefly in their response to his ideas, in their making an intellectual community in which his ideas could be discussed and debated and submitted to the tests of clinical experience. .. Freud.. the one man who originated the science.. also.. the one man who brought it to maturity..' [Actually, it says in the text that patients often contributed to the 'theory' or at least the techniques]
13: 'Overtly.. Freud hoped to be a genius, having before that avowed his intention of being a hero. .. like the protagonist of his favourite Dickens novel.. he was born with a caul, the sign of a notable destiny. [sic] .. virtually magical advantage that came to him from his mother's special regard - 'a man who has been the indisputable favourite of his mother keeps for life the feeling of a conqueror, ..' .. He was the eldest of seven surviving children - between him and his only brother stood ten years and five sisters - .. newly enfranchise Jews of Vienna .. expectations perhaps especially high. ..'
14: [Influenced by Plutarch, identifying with Hannibal against Rome; portrait bust with inscription from Oedipus the King 'Who solved the riddle of the Sphinx and was a man most mighty'; and England 'the great home of rational liberty': '.. favourite English poet was Milton.. admired Oliver Cromwell..' [Freud also translated some of John Stuart Mill's essays, including ?'The Subjection of Women'].
14: '.. his characteristic prowess did not manifest themselves until middle life. In the biography of genius this is not common. ..'
15: 'To men of the school of Helmholtz, the idea that the mind - not the brain, not the nervous system - might itself be the cause of its own malfunction, and even the cause of the body's malfunction, was worse than a professional heresy: it was a profanation of thought. ..'
[Trilling continues with vague praise: '.. conquistador.. Pride, in every good sense of the word, was a salient quality in Freud's temperament.. The humility of the scientist.. the realization that his patients' stories of sexual outrage.. were all false.. something more than intelligence.. Freud, like Goethe, had the power to maintain long beyond youth a direct, healthy, creative interest in himself. .. His seventieth birthday was publicly celebrated in Vienna.. defections of two of his most valued collaborators..'
18: [Note: patron: Anton von Freund.. had undertaken to advance the cause of psycho-analysis by means of his considerable fortune.. died in 1920..'
19: [Various deaths, including von Freund, Sophie his 'Sunday child', Sophie's son little Heinz; then Freud's cancer of the jaw and 33 operations - all apparently listed with medical records in Jones' three-volume work.]
21-22: [Gushing account by Trilling of the wonderful qualities of Dr Jones in New York; making a TV film for centenary of Freud's birth - presumably therefore 1956. He was tireless etc; 'upon whatever subject was proposed.. he spoke with a perfect lucidity, directness, and cogency..']
22-24: [Account of their abridging and occasional rewriting process; we're not told, however, how much has been omitted. Volume III 'historical review' is omitted.]

- FROM JONES'S FIRST PREFACE ['This is not intended to be a popular biography..']

BOOK ONE: THE FORMATIVE YEARS AND THE GREAT DISCOVERIES (1856-1900)

1 ORIGINS (1856-1860)
2 BOYHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE (1860-1873)
3 CHOICE OF PROFESSION (1873)
4 THE MEDICAL STUDENT (1873-1881)
5 MEDICAL CAREER (1881-1885)

6 THE COCAINE EPISODE (1884-1887)
- [Note: technology:] injections then rather new
- 99: [Getting the credit for cocaine:] '.. Freud still regarded.. the province of cocaine as.. his private property..
.. In describing the meeting he says he got only five per cent of the credit and so came off poorly. .. a little later he wrote..: 'Cocaine has brought me a great deal of credit, but the lion's share has gone elsewhere.' .. Koller's discovery had produced an 'enormous sensation' throughout the world. ..'

7 BETROTHAL (1882-1886)
8 MARRIAGE (1886)
9 PERSONAL LIFE (1880-1890)
- 165-169: [Freud's reading, influences, theatre, opera]: '.. Huxley/ Goethe, Heine, Uhland/ Burns, Byron, Scott, Milton/ Calderón/ Dickens/ Homer/ Freytag's Dr Luther/ Schiller's Kabale und Liebe/ Ranke's Geschichte der Päpste/ Brandes' Moderne Geiste = modern minds; inc. Flaubert, Mill]/ Fielding Tom Jones/ Tasso Gerusalemme Liberata/ Gottfried Keller/ Disraeli/ Thackeray 'Vanity Fair'/ George Eliot Middlemarch & Daniel Deronda: Jewish ways that 'we speak of only among ourselves'/ lighter: Nestroy, Fritz Reuter, Mark Twain/ Don Quixote/ Les Tentations de Saint Antoine; Jones gives no author, but says it was the Doré version.
Elsewhere, Schnitzler's mentioned/ 286 Burckhardt's Griechische Kulturgeschichte/ and in the next 'Personal Life' chapter, Gottfried Keller, Jacobsen, Multatuli, Guy de Maupassant, Kleinpaul, Dante, Vasari, G F Meyer, Friedjung's Der Kampf um die Vorherrschaft in Deutschland 1859-66, Laistner, Schliemann, Schnitzler's Paracelsus [Jones knows because these are quoted in Freud's correspondence; he seems to have used Freud's library as a source of information too]
Grillparzer's Esther/ Molière Le Malade Imaginaire/ Oedipus rex [sic; is this really the title?]/ Molière Tartuffe/ Hugo Hernani/ Comédie Francaise/ Sarah Bernhardt
Figaro/ Carmen/ Don Giovanni/ The Magic Flute
- 167: John Stuart Mill and views on women
10 THE NEUROLOGIST (1883-1897)
- 187: [Three of Freud's diagnoses, apparently in written form]
- 188: [Freud looks into electricity:] 'In the 1880s and 1890s electricity, both galvanic and faradic [sic], were important.. For more than a year Freud attempted various investigations..'
- 187-8: [Gold chloride stain]: '.. adopted a hint Flechsig had thrown ot in 1876, but never followed up, ..'
11 THE BREUER PERIOD (1882-1894)
- 202: Frau Anna O., 'the real discoverer of the cathartic method': Bertha Pappenheim 1859-1936: '.. classic case of hysteria.. museum of symptoms.. two distinct states of consciousness.. terrifying hallucinations.. related the details.. to Breuer's great astonishment, this resulted in its complete disappearance. ..' [Joke: Freud said: Breuer had developed what we should nowadays call a strong counter-transference to his interesting patient. ..']
204: '.. extremely attractive.. inflamed the heart of the psychiatrist.. when she was thirty.. first social worker in Germany, one of the first in the world. .. founded a periodical and several institutes..'
- 204: HYSTERIA: 'Freud was greatly interested.. Charcot's thoughts.. elsewhere.. hysteria.. the topic that was chiefly interesting Charcot.. Before that time hysteria was regarded either as a matter of simulation and at best 'imagination'.. on which no reputable physician would waste his time, or else a peculiar disorder of the womb which could be treated.. by extirpation of the clitoris; [or] .. driven back into its place by valerian, the smell of which it disliked. Now, thanks to Charcot, it became.. a perfectly respectable disease of the nervous system. .. Freud.. likened it to Pinel's freeing the insane patients of their chains - also in the Salpêtrière - in the previous century. .. Charcot.. demonstrated that in suitable subjects he could by the use of hypnotism elicit hysterical symptoms, paralysis, tremors, anaesthesias, etc, that were in the smallest detail identical with those of the spontaneous hysteria.. and as had been described in full in the Middle Ages..
So Freud went back to Vienna in the spring of 1886 agog with all these revelations. ..'
-209-213: [Hypnotism; considerable anecdotal stuff here]
- 213-217: Free Association technique: '.. all-important matter of the transition from the cathartic method to the 'free association' method, from which psycho-analysis dates. It was through devising the new method that Freud was enabled to penetrate into the previously unknown realm of the unconscious proper and to make the profound discoveries etc .. no exact date.. evolved very gradually between 1892 and 1895, becoming steadily refined.. two cases are recorded from .. 215: 1892.. a patient suddenly flung her arms around his neck.. From then on he understood that the peculiar relationship so effective therapeutically [i.e. between patient and 'physician'] had an erotic basis.. twenty years later he remarked that transference phenomena had always seemed to him an impregnable proof of the sexual origin of the neurosis. .. Unlike the scared Breuer on a similar occasion [girl had phantom pregnancy; Breuer in cold sweat went on second honeymoon with his wife] Freud regarded the problem as one of general scientific interest..
216: 'Freud was still given to urging, pressing, and questioning.. On one historic occasion, however, the patient, Frl. Elisabeth, reproved him for interrupting her flow of thought.. He took the hint, and made another step toward free association.' [Footnote says this is 'one of the countless examples of a patient's furthering the physician's work'; unfortunately he only gives one other example, Anna O. above]
217: [First use of 'psycho-analysis' in French, March 1896; and German, May 1896]
- 219: '.. author.. Ludwig Börne.. 1823 essay.. 'the Art of Becoming an Original Writer in Three Days'.. 'here follows the practical prescription.. for three days.. write down, without any falsification or hypocrisy, everything that comes into your head. ..' .. When he [Freud] was fourteen .. he had been given.. his collected works, and they were the only books he preserved from his adolescent years. He recollected half a century later many passages from the volume ..
.. Germany's Freiheitskrieg (War of Libration) [all sic] against Napoleon, but attacked the reactionary régimes that followed. .. [B.] knew the young Heine.. graves of Börne and Heine were the only two Freud looked for when he visited Père Lachaise.'
- 221: [Breuer, Charcot, Chrobak make remarks on the lines of e.g. cure is repeated doses of a normal penis. Two of them later deny it, and Charcot probably would if he'd been asked. Freud also dismissed them; or at any rate said so.] '.. vast difference between a casual flash of intuition, often subsequently forgotten, and taking an idea seriously..'
- 229-230: [Neuroses. Suggestion that Freud invented a theory to explain diseases which didn't exist: '.. 'actual neurosis' .. Freud's nosological account of the two neuroses.. and his theoretical explanations all found regular entry into psycho-analytical literature.. But there was a great deal of lip-service.. no one seemed to come across just the type of case that freud had described. When I myself once remarked on this to Freud, he replied .. that he used to in the beginning of his practice! In his Autobiography (1925) .. etc etc'
- 230: [Footnote gives translation of 1895 with the phrase projected this excitation into the outer world, an image (joke:!) perhaps taken from magic lanterns etc]
- 231: [Account of 1895 address to Doktorenkollegium (which must have been fun!) at which he said anxiety neurosis in men is rooted in abstinence, and in woman through coitus interruptus. (Note: intellectual reaction: intellectual derivativeness: review in Times of 1988 book by Gay mentions a defence of coitus interruptus by Germaine Greer - surely prompted by a trawl though Freud's stuff, since it's hardly a live issue)
- 232-233: '.. first pronouncement on the theme of infantile sexuality'

12 EARLY PSYCHOPATHOLOGY (1890-1897)
13 THE FLIESS PERIOD (1887-1902)
- Chap 13 includes Fliess's invention of something like biorhythms; 252-3 in particular. Fliess had a nasal theory & a menstrual theory.
- 259: [Reference to 'sexual chemistry' in the index turns out to be a Fliess thing; Freud, Jones thinks, foreshadowed 'modern gonadic hormones']
- 260: [Freud though all known contraceptives were harmful]

14 SELF-ANALYSIS (1897-)
- 276: '.. It is hard for us nowadays to imagine how momentous this achievement was, that difficulty being the fate of most pioneering exploits. Yet the uniqueness of the feat remains. Once done it is done for ever. For no one again can be the first to explore those depths. ...'

15 PERSONAL LIFE (1890-1900)
- 287: [Account of Freud in Florence:] '.. carried away.. 'delirious magic'.. rapid assimilation.. that week must have given him what it usually takes a month to acquire.. Among other discoveries was the Galileo museum in the Torre del Gallo.. he persuaded the owner.. to rent them three rooms.. they spent four days surrounded by priceless treasures, and with a glorious outlook over Florence..'
- 288: '.. 1899.. farmhouse called Riemerlehen, near Berchtesgaden in Bavaria.. It was the summer when most of The Interpretation of Dreams was written, the final, difficult part being composed in an arbour in the garden..'
- 289-291: [Viennese hierarchy, snobbery; perhaps Jones is a little naive in his attitude to Freud:] 'Freud had only scientific ambitions - to discover. The nearest to a worldly one was the wish to be well enough off to travel. Social and professional advancement meant nothing except perhaps the chance of greater independence; he complained that his livelihood depended on people (colleagues) whom he despised. Now in Vienna the whole community was permeated by a kind of snobbishness not equalled anywhere else. Questions of reputation and capacity were quite subordinate to the simple matter of title, and the hierarchy of titles was manifold in complexity. This was especially pronounced in medical matters. It would be socially lowering to engage a practitioner, however skilful, if one could afford the fees of a Privatdozent. And the cream of medical practice went to those doctors with the envied title of Professor. Freud must have heartily despised all this, but he could not fail to recognise its important economic aspects. ..
In January 1987, .. he had been a Privatdozent for the unusually long period of twelve years..
.. anti-Semitic attitude.. sex..
Four years passed during which Freud took no steps..
[291 Freud does some manoeuvring involving a philologist and his wife for whom he'd translated Mill, a patient who was the wife of a diplomat, his 'old teacher', the Minister of Public Instruction, a picture by Böcklin and its auntie owner. I'm not sure whether he became a Professor, or a Doktor, or what - Jones absurdly, doesn't say!] ...'
- 293: [Tells a large batch of students they won't hear anything 'sensational or even lewd'; his audiences understandably dwindle]
- 296: His reading [I've put this together with my earlier notes]
- 297: [Description of himself as a conquistador; same word's used elsewhere. This seems in rather ludicrous contrast e.g. to job recommendations in which he's described as quiet; also he was 5' 7" and weighed 9 stone!]

16 THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS (1895-1899)
[This seems to have taken about five years]
- 299: '.. Freud's major work.. he wrote in his preface .. 'Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime.' .. perfect example of serendipity.. [he said to Jones:] 'It seems to be my fate to discover only the obvious: that children have sexual feelings, which every nursemaid knows; and that night dreams are just as much a wish fulfilment as day dreams.'
- 300-301: 'There would appear to have been two starting-points.. both of which he mentioned himself. One .. in following patients' associations, .. he observed that they often interpolated in them [sic] an account of a dream, to which of course they would in turn produce associations. The other was his psychiatric experience of hallucinatory states in psychotics, where the feature of wish-fulfilment is often evident.'
- 301: [Note: absurd unscientific 'proof'] '.. first dream analysis.. Breuer's nephew Emil Kaufmann.. obvious wish-fulfilment.. incorporated in The Interpretation of Dreams.. lazy medical student..
That the fulfilment of a hidden wish is the essence of a dream.. was confirmed by the first complete analysis he made of one of his own dreams on Wednesday, 24 July 1895.. known by the name of 'Irma's injection'. Freud once took me to the Bellevue Restaurant.. where the great event had taken place. ..
Four months later Freud was confidently referring to the confirmations of his conclusion that the fulfilment of a wish is the motive of dreams. ..'
- 301: '.. momentous distinction between two fundamental mental processes, which he called primary and secondary.. He notes that [sic] primary process dominates dream life, and he explains this by etc etc etc..'
- 305: [Further roots of this wonderful idea?] '.. On 9 June.. 'The whole matter resolves itself into a platitude. Dreams all seek to fulfil [sic] one wish.. It is the wish to sleep. One dreams so as not to have to wake, because one wants to sleep. Tant de bruit.' [Footnote: Freud got this piece of insight from Liébault's 'Du Sommeil provaqué']
The dream book proper went pretty well.. previous literature on the subject. .. 'frightfully tedious'. .. Most.. repellently superficial. Scherner's remarks on symbolism were perhaps the only thing of value. As regards the main ideas he had come across no precursors. [footnote: Josef Popper-Lynkeus Die Phantasien eines Realisten (Phantasies of a Realist) published in 1899. .. suggestion is made that the distortion.. is due to a censorship of unwelcome thoughts,..'

BOOK TWO: THE YEARS OF MATURITY (1901-1919)

17 EMERGENCE FROM ISOLATION (1901-1906)
18 THE BEGINNING OF INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION (1906-1909)
19 THE INTERNATIONAL PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATION (1910-1914)
20 OPPOSITION
21 DISSENSIONS
22 THE 'COMMITTEE'
23 THE WAR YEARS
- 428: [Trigant Burrows in Baltimore - strange US name]
- 428: 'Lou Andreas-Salomé, who had studied with him.. She was a woman with a remarkable flair for great men, and she counted a large number among her friends, from Turgeniev, Tolstoy, and Strindberg to Rodin, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Arthur Schnitzler. It was said.. that she had attached herself to the greatest men of the 19th and 20th C.: Nietzsche and Freud respectively. ..'
- 429-430: [Note: pseudo-science?:] '.. Anxiety, Hysteria, and Paranoia have capitulated..
.. noteworthy new ideas and conclusions. Recently I succeeded in defining a characteristic of the two systems Bw (consciousness) and Ubw (the unconscious) .. narcissistic neuroses.. psychoses..'
- 431: [1915 war; Kitchener's prediction that the war would last three years a 'perfidious English calculation']
- 434: [Freud at about 60; Metapsychologie. Essays on this, and other subjects. Seven essays which were never published, and apparently lost.]

24 MODE OF LIFE AND WORK
- 464: '.. Goethe prize for Literature at Frankfurt in 1930.. Austrian prose.. the Geschmeidigkeit [flexibility] of the Austrian manner.. so different from the heavy German of more Northern writers.'

25 CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY

BOOK THREE: THE LAST PHASE (1919-1939)

26 REUNION (1919-1920)
27 DISUNION (1921-1926)
28 PROGRESS AND MISFORTUNE (1921-1925)
- 541: [Freud writes a paper on telepathy and reads it to his group. Jones gives no hint as to its content! There's one other reference only in the index to 'telepathy']

29 FAME AND SUFFERING (1926-1933)
30 LAST YEARS IN VIENNA (1934-1938)
31 LONDON - THE END
INDEX [About 12 pages of double columns; sketchy and inadequate]