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CHARLES REITH: THE BLIND EYE OF HISTORY
[1952. Faber and Faber, London]


Charles Reith (1886-1957. NOT the BBC man who built up the propagandist organisation) wrote on police. I haven't checked his biography. This book was published when he was about 65. Faber & Faber seems an odd choice of publisher: they specialised in poets, writers needing Jewish-style puffs such as Harold Pinter and Samuel Beckett, and authors who became well-known and sold over long periods, such as T S Eliot.
      Reith's book is unattractively produced, with little signposting, and in three disconnected parts. The general idea is interesting and unusual: Reith thought policing was an essential part of governing, and he thought the rôle was neglected by historians. Or perhaps 'ignored' is a more accurate word. His book is in three parts: a shortish introduction, part two described as the origin and evolution of English and American policing, and part three on 'ruler-appointed police' from ancient history, Greece, Rome, Byzantium and Islam, Feudalism and Totalitarian police. His anthropology seems to be on the simple side, though this doesn't affect his thesis; he had to work with what history was available.
      Part two includes chapters on Jonathan Wild, John Wilkes, Samuel Adams, and the War of Independence, and these chapters are interesting on the historical importance of mobs before policing. His bibliography consists mostly of popular histories and what are considered serious histories.
      Wild, Wilkes, Adams, Fielding were four examples (of a few more) of people who dealt with mobs. Reith is not so good on groups of people such as Jews and Freemasons and gipsies and marauders and thugs (in the Indian sense).
      Reith regards failure to police efficiently as a mark of collapsing civilisation.
      Reith is not a 'revisionist' and has no idea that mobs can and have been hired and controlled. Perhaps more so than ever in human history, since mobility is greater, communications are greater, and money is more fluid than ever. Reith is unaware of the possibilities of fake history and psyops. His book has been reprinted; but as far as I can tell he hasn't had intellectual successor(s). I haven't checked his other books. They seem not to be online anywhere.
I think I'm right in this summary:
Reith says police are necessary for a stable society. He makes many claims: Egypt fell to the Hyksos, but, later, had policing and recovered. A few millennia later, the British tried to deal with the American colonies in the way it had tried to deal with riots in England, namely by armed troops. These were likely to pour inflammable oil on the rioters, and failed. Reith says that as states amalgamated, kings were produced (it's true Italy and Germany only unified in the 1800s, and Britain's 'Union' was 1800).
      I think Reith said in effect: it took imaginative effort to think of the idea of police; and these took two forms, the Anglo style kin and parish constable, and the rest-of-the-world 'ruler appointed police', which includes gendarmes and descendants of Tsarist secret police. Mussolini had the idea of totalitarian power, and Hitler copied him. Reith appears to accept the Jewish-promoted Hitler and nuclear legends. But he accepts the killings and slavery in the USSR. Readers will note the complete absence of knowledge of Jewish power by Reith. In fact, it occurs to me that Faber's publishing decision may have been influenced by this. He mentions Japan and the Kempi, and the idea of 'plain clothes police'. Generally he views foreigners darkly. As I say, he had no idea of the influence of Jews and their collaborators.
      Much of Reith's work is based around 'riots', though he does not include actions of Jews, in for example Cyprus, as described for example by Belloc and Arthur Butz, and omits the Blues and Greens of Constantinople. It does however include the part played by Henry Fielding (also a novelist!), the Gordon riots, the 'Peterloo massacre'. There are many interesting comparisons which suggest themselves: Highwaymen were unopposed and apparently expected to collect payments, at a similar era to the sinful city of Port Royal. Smuggling in the English south coast flourished, apparently later. Reith very properly assumes the police should enforce whatever laws they are told to, and doesn't concern himself with details, such as Jews imposing death duties to make money from old families.
      When applying himself to history, Reith makes far-reaching deductions; I don't know if these were refuted, accepted and absorbed, or ignored. But for example he thinks ancient Greece was chaotic because of its lack of stable policing; Rome fell ditto; that Byzantium lasted 1100 years because it did have stable policing; that Islam succeeded because it 'unwittingly instituted extremely effective enforcement'. He looks at the contempt for law in the USA.
      Reith does not isolate the really enormous agents of change: Jewish finance, firearms, easier travel, easier communication especially downward, electronic technology. But his (in effect) complaint '... miles of [shelves of] books [on] laws and law-making ... one can search in vain for a single volume [on] even an outline of the history of securing law-observance'. — Rae West 19 June 2020


    FULL INDEX scanned 25 September, 95 in the hope it may prove useful
    A STUDY OF THE ORIGINS OF THE PRESENT POLICE ERA
    NOTE: POWER: Could be quite important in analysing power; explicitly critical of historians' neglect of the role of what are now called 'police'
    Note: Power: asymmetry: it strikes me that, just as sociologists ignore things in proportion to their importance (viz. monarchy; then law, military; then press, big business etc remain uninvestigated by sociology, whereas criminology, lunacy etc thoroughly 'studied'), historians do the opposite, ignoring e.g. sewage, disease, agriculture, police, labour and concentrating on kings, despots, military success stories etc.
    Blurb: 'Mr Reith's title deliberately challenges our wits. The blind eye of history - what can that be?'
    It is neglect of the methods by which governments have secured, or have failed to secure, observance of law. The blind eye of history is the eye which is blind to the part played, through the whole recorded experience of the human race, by the 'police'. Laws fail, if they cannot be enforced. ..
    .. Mr Reith's answer is to the effect that two quite different solutions have been found. His names.. are 'kin police' and 'ruler-appointed police', both of which types can be traced back to early clan and tribal history. ..'
    [Index includes 'Blacks and Tans', gangsters, Gestapo, Gilds, G-men, Knights of the Shire, Ku Klux Klan, mobs, O G P U, Royal Irish Constabulary, Vigiles/ NOT mafia, witch hunting]
    Reith authored four other books [all published by OUP; this one is faber] on policing and on the British police. At the time of writing I haven't read this; I've just noted the contents and blurb and a few other points. Perhaps Reith is just a patriotic and authoritarian type? Influenced by Fascism and the Cold War? And the British Empire? On the other hand, this may be a serious analysis
    NOTE: HISTORIANS: Despite Reith's explicit attack on historians, there seems little in the way of evidence: Fisher, Flaminius, Tacitus in the index; but not (e.g.) Caesar, Gibbon, Macaulay, Machiavelli, Orwell, Rowse, Suetonius, Thucydides, Trevelyan, Wells
    The index has twelve references to 'History, erroneously regarded as record of what has happened', and 'historians' neglect of police history'

            - CONTENTS:

    PREFACE

        PART ONE: INTRODUCTION: The overlooked dependence of authority, in history, on means of securing observance of laws

        PART TWO: ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE KIN POLICE, ANGLO-SAXON OR DEMOCRATIC, POLICE SYSTEM OF ENFORCING LAWS
    1 Tribal Kin Police. Saxon, Danish and Norman.. The English parish-constable Police System in England and her American Colonies. Its Failure in England
    2 The Story of Jonathan Wild [Note: written about by Fielding, in 'Jonathan Wild the Great'. A 2-hour 1968 film, 'Where's Jack?', with Tommy Steele as highwayman Jack Sheppard was directed by James Clavell of 'Shogun', and had Stanley Baker as the infamous Jonathan Wild, with Alan Badel as 'Lord Chancellor'.] cp. e.g. Rockefeller; and Russell on merchants being important when both buyers and sellers weren't organised: apparently took crime in ?18th C. and organised it; negotiated both with thieves and with people whose property had been stolen, opening an office and functioning almost like an official police system.]
    3 The Story of John Wilkes
    4 The Story of Samuel Adams
    5 The American War of Independence
    6 United States History. ..
    7 United States Police To-day
    8 Criminal Reform and Other Consequences of Police Weakness in the United States
    9 England's Remedy for the Failure of the Parish-constable Police System
    10 British Police To-day

        PART THREE: ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF RULER-APPOINTED POLICE, AND THE 'GENDARMERIE' OR TOTALITARIAN POLICE SYSTEM OF ENFORCING LAWS
    11 Ruler-appointed Police in Tribal and Ancient History. Sumer, Babylon, Egypt, Assyria, Persia
    12 Ruler-appointed Police in the History of the Greeks. Greek tribes and City-states. Athens. The Tyrants. Sparta. Macedon [sic]. Alexander. The Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires
    13 Republican Rome. Absence of Police, and its Consequences
    14 Ruler-appointed Police in the Roman, Byzantine and Islamic Empires
    15 Feudalism, and The National Era in Europe. Gendarmerie Police and Totalitarian Police. The Police Era. Democratic Civilization and the Menace of Totalitarian Police.

    BIBLIOGRAPHY [Many books on 18th Century biographies, not very important; plus some of ancient history, including Hammurabi's Code and Jews. Also a few on police history]

    INDEX

-9-10: [Etymology: great recency of the present meaning of 'police'. As recently as 1840s it meant something like 'of civilised living' or 'of the town'. Reith says modern historians 'now use it glibly, and sometimes very confusingly, in place of such names as 'the young men', 'the officers', 'the officials', 'the guards', and others, by which the existence of policemen has been obscured by earlier writers throughout the ages, and as far back as the second millennium B.C.']

FULL INDEX

Abbasid Dynasty, 235, 236, 237
Abu Bekr, 235
Abu'l.Abbas, 235
Abolitionists, 93
Adams, John Truslove, 59, 73
Adams, Samuel, 49, 54.68, 69, 71, 72, 81
Aetolia, 213
Africa, 21
Ahmose, 182
Al Capone, 40
Alfred the Great, 26
Alexander the Great, 201.5
Alexandria, 185, 226
All Nations Club of Los Angeles, 128
Amenemhet, 18
Amenemhet, III, 18
Amenhoteb II, 183
Amenhoteb III, 183
Amenhoteb IV, 184
America, see United States
American Colonies, 29, 32, 41, 47, 50, 52, 54.8, 61, 69, 81, 82
American History and Historians, 71, 92, 104, 109, 111
American Revolution, mystery of England's handling of, 73
American War of Independence, 53, 69.81, 85
Amraphel, 180
Anglo.Saxon Police System, 20, 163, 177, see also Kin-police
Anthropologists, 2
Antigonus, 205
Antiochus, 205, 213
Antronius, see Cataline Conspiracy
Arkansas, 125
Assyrians and Empire, 185, 186, 235
Astor, John J., 91
Athenians, see Greeks
Athens, 190
Augustus, 179, 185, 206, 210; introduces police in Rome, 216, 223.6

Babylon and Empire, 178, 180, 235
Baghdad, 237
Bedford, Duke of, 50
Bentham, Jeremy, 146
Berkeley, Cal., 112, 115, 116
Bernard, Sir Francis, 59, 60
Bibulus, 221
'Black and Tans', 147
Bohr, 25.8
Bolshevik Revolution, 245
Bonner, Robert J., 196 n., 197 n.
Boston, 49, 54.7, 59; Tea.party, 62.4, 65, 66, 73, 81, 104, 120
Bow Street Runners and Patrols, 135, 141
Brandywine, 79
Breasted, J. H., 182 n.
Breed's Hill, 75
Britain, 19, 29, 42, 254
British Commonwealth and Empire, 19, 81, 83, 147, 169
Brown, Ivor, 41 n.
Brown, John, 94
Brooklyn Heights, 79
Brutus, 223, 224
Budge, E. A. Wallis, 179 n.
Bull, Frederick, 51
Bunker's Hill, 75.7
Bureau of Special Service, Jersey
City, 127
Bury, J. B., 204n.
Bute, Lord, 47
Byzantine Army, 232, 233
Byzantine Empire, 231.5
Byzantine Priests as Police, 233

Canada, 56, 69, 77
Canute, 26
Capital Punishments in England in early nineteenth century, 145
Carbo, 219
Caroline, Queen, 143
Carthage, 195, 204, 211, 212
Cary, M., 187 n.
Cassius, 223, 224
Castlereagh, Lord, 142
Castle William, 59
Catalina, L. Sergius, see Cataline Conspiracy
Cataline Conspiracy, 220, 221
Catholic Emancipation, 149
Charlemagne, 20, 239, 240
Charles II, 31
Charles VII, 242
Charles River, 76
'Charlies', 31
Charleston Peninsula, 75
Charter of Human Rights, 251, 253
Cheka, 245
Chicago, 32, 96, 105, 112, 114, 118
Chief Pledge, 27
China, 19
Christian Church of Rome, 239
Christian Religion, 115
Cicero, 221.4
Cinna, 218, 219
City Marshals, 31, 36, 46
City of London, opposition to police, 140, 141, 143
City States, 14, 21, 178
City merchants, 47.51, 56
Civil War in England, 29, 30
Clans, 14, 18
Claudius, 222
Cleopatra, 224
Cleveland Association of Criminal Justice, 121
Cockrell, Ewing, 104, 112
Coggens, James Gould, novelist, 109 n.
Colombus, Indiana, 127
Colquhoun, Patrick, 136.9, 141, 146.9, 155
Communism, 32, 252, 253
Communities, development of, 14; inescapable processes of formation, 14, 15, 88; independent and dependent, 15.17; of U.S. western expansion, 86.7; early, 185, 189, 209; community unanimity destroyed by prosperity and differences in wealth, 210
Constable, origin of word, 28
Constantine, 230
Constantinople, see Byzantine Empire
Continental Congress, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 77, 80, 81, 82, 85; members carrying arms, 91; 92, 103
Cook, S. A., 181 n.
Council of Europe, 251
Court Leet, 28, 29
Crassus, 220.2
Crime, 33, 36, 39, 41.5; prevention of crime as origin of British modern police, 135; see also British Police Principles under Police
Criminal Law Reform and Reformers in England, 132, 145.7
Crixus, 220
Croesus, 195
Cromwell, 30
Culture, birth and growth of, 17
Custodes pacis, 28
Custom, 18
Cyrus, 186, 187


Dalrymple, Colonel, 59
Danes, 29
Darius, 186, 187
Dark Ages, 20
Dartmouth, tea ship, 63, 64
Delian League, 198
Detroit, 114, 125
Diocletian, 230
Dionysius of Syracuse, 195
Disraeli, 9
Dorchester Heights, 77
Draco, 191

East India Company, 62.4
Edgar, 26
Edwards, Chilperic, 179.180n.
Egypt, 181.5, 205, 207, 208, 222, 235
Eldon, Lord, 142
Enna, 195
Erie Railroad strike, 1877, 95
Ethelred, 26

Family, 14, 18
Fascists, Fascism, 32, 42, 246
Federal Authority of U.S., 82, 84, 86, 94, 95, 103
Federal Bureau of Information, 102, 109, 110; National Police Academy 116
Feudalism, Norman, 19; Feudal System, 240.2; post Feudal era of Western Europe, 194, 241, 242
Fielding, Henry, 34, 45, 131.8, 140, 6, 147, 149, 155; Sir John, 131, 135
Fisher, H. A. L., 228
Fisk, Jim, 95
Flamininus, 213
Fleet Prison, 35, 36
Flushing, 40
Force, basis of law.enforcement machinery, 15, 17; exercised from above downwards and from below upwards, 21
Ford Republic, Detroit, 125
Fort Sumpter, 94
Fosdick, Raymond, 104
Fouché, Joseph, 144, 245
Fox, CharlesJames, 75
France, 48, 56, 71; joins in War of Independence, 80; 81, 144, 242, 244
Franklin, Benjamin, 65-8
Frankpledge, 25-8
Franks, 238, 239
French Revolution, 146, 243

Gage, General, 60, 65.8, 72, 73, 75
Galloway, Joseph, 69
Gangsters and gangsterdom, 41, 42, 54, 96, 110, 121, 124, 239, 247
Gegildan, 25-9
Gendarmerie, see Police
Gendarmes, origin of, 242.5
George III, 47, 48, 75
George IV, 152
George Junior Republic, New York, 126
Germanic Tribes, 19
Germany, 42; see Nazis
Gestapo, 42
Gilds, 26
Gin, 44.5
Glasgow, 136
'G'-men, 102, 103, l16
Gnaeus Octavius, 219
Gordon, Lord George, 49, 50
Gordon Riots, 50, 51, 13r, 140, 143
Gracchus, Tiberias, 215; Gaius, 215
Gray, G. B., 187 n.
Greece, 178, 188.208; conquest by Rome, 212.13
Greek City-states, 177, 188.90, 211.13
Greeks, failure to secure law-observance, 178, 196; 184, 190, 201
Green, John Richard, 141
Green Riot, 49
Grenville, George, 47
Grey, Earl, 150

Hagar, 180
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 77
Halliday, W. R., 195 n.
Hallward, B. L., 213 n.
Hamilton, Alexander, 84, 85
Hammurabi, 178, 179, 180, 185
Hancock, John, 68, 72
Harnab, 184
Harriott, Captain John, 138
Herodatus, 187, 19l
Hiero, of Syracuse, 195
Highwaymen, tyranny of, 31, 36, 138
Himmler, 246
Hippias, 197
History, erroneously regarded as record of what has mattered, 13; 18, 29, 33, 41, 47, 96, 133, 177; historians' neglect of police history, 161, 170, 193
Hitler, Adolf, 246, 247, 250
Home Office officials, 173
Hoover,J. Edgar, 102, 104, 109
Howe, General Sir William, 73-7, at New York, 78; Philadelphia, 79; Brandywine, 79; Valley Forge, 80
Hundred, 26.8
Hunt, William, 142
Hutchinson, Thomas, 63, 64, 65
Hyskos, invasion of Egypt, 182

Iknaten, see Amenhoteb III
Indeterminate Sentence Laws, U.S., 121
India, 19
Industrial Revolution, 29, 243
Indus Valley, 178
Ine, 26
Ireland, 147, 151, 169
Islam and Empire, 233-7
Italy, 42, 246, 250, 251

Jails in United States, 122, 123
Japan, 42, 247, 250
Jenghis Khan, 237
Jersey City, 115, 127
Jerusalem, 220
Jones, B. M., 132 n
Josephus, 228 n.
Judges Powers in United States, 118-21
'Judges Rules' in England, 165
Julia, wife of Pompey, 222
Julius Caesar, 221.3
Justices of the Peace, 28, 30

Kempie, 247
Kin-police, 18.21, 25.8, 83, 113, 157, 163, 164, 177, 185, 188-90, 209, 253
Knights of the Shire, 28
Ku-Klux-Klan, 94

Latronculatores, 229, 243
Law, contempt for, in U.S., 90
Law-enforcement, effective keystone of community existence, 15, 18; means of in early communities, 18.21
Law-enforcement machinery, 16, 17, 33, 37, 39, 42, 46, 47, 52, 82, 84; in U.S. communities, 87.89; 96, 97, 102-4, 113, 129, 130, 144, 146, 155, 178, 181, 183, 188, 19l, 199, 209, 211, 229, 243; for supranational authority, 252
Law-observance, necessity for all laws, rulers and governments, 13, 92, 177, 183
League of Nations, 250
Lee, W. Melville, 154 n.
Lenin, 245
Leontine, 195, 211
Lexington, 72
Liberalism, 46
Lie Detector, 109
Lincoln, Abraham, 94, 95
Liverpool Ministry, 142
London, 26; criminal confusion of, 31-2; 34, 35, 39-42, 44-56
Los Angeles, 128
Lyons, Fred J., 35 n
Lyttleton, George, 132
Lysander, 200

MacCormick, Austin H., 124
Macdonald, Duncan Black, 235 n.
Macedon, Macedonians, 191, 201, 204, 208, 212, 213
Mackintosh, James, 146
Magister officiorum, 230
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 21 n.
Marcus Livius Drusus, 217
Maréchaussée, 242, 243
Marius, 217.19
Mark Antony, 223, 224
Massachusetts, 59, 65, 66; Provincial Congress, 67; 119
Matteotti murder, 246
Mayne, Richard, 149-54, 156-8, 160, 165, 166
Mecca, 233, 234
Medes, 186
Medina, 234
Melbourne, Lord, 150
Men of Moscow, 247-50, 252
Merovingian Kings, 239
Mesopotamia, 235
M.G.B., 247
Michigan, 105, 112
Middlesex Justices' Bill, 1792, 136
Military Force, 10, 16; failure of, 18.21; 30, 31, 33, 46, 49, 52, 57, 59, 66, 71, 83, 95, 144, 145, 155, 162, 168, 177, 178, 182, 184, 186, 192, 201, 210, 211; failure in Roman Republic, 212, 214, 217; Roman Empire, 224, 225, 227; Byzantine Empire, 231, 239, 247, 251, 252
Milwaukee, 112, 116
Minnesota, 125
Missi dominici of Charlemagne, 240
Mithridates VI, 218, 220
Mobs, 48, 49; methods of authority in England, 52-3; Boston, 58, 66, 67, 80
Mohammed, 233, 234
Mongols, 237
Moore, Sir John, 151
Moral Force, 10, 189, 199, 201, 210, 212, 214, 231
Moylan, Sir John, 154 n.
Mussolini, 246, 247, 250
M.V.D., 247

Napoleon I, 144, 245; Napoleon III, 245
National Era of Western Europe, 194, 241, 242, 249, 250
Nations, 14; as Independent Communities, 16
Nazis and Nazi Germany, 32, 42, 247, 250, 251
New York, 32, 60, 65, 78; attempts to adopt London police, 83, 118
Nicholas I, 244
N.K.V.D., 247
Norman Conquest, 27.9
North Briton, 48
North, Lord, 75

Ochrana, 245
Octavian, see Augustus
O.G.P.U., 247
Omar, 235
Ostia, 226
O.V.R.A., 246

Pacific Islands, 21
Palestine, 235
Paris, 244, 245
Parish Authorities, 31, 36
Parish Constable, see Police
Parole, in U.S., 119-21
Patria potestas, 209
Patriotism, 18
Peace of Paris, 47
Peel, Robert, 139-43, 147-9, 150, 152
Peet, T. E., 184 n.
Peisistratus, 191-3, 195, 197
Pericles, 197
Persians and Persian Empire, 186, 194, 198, 204, 205, 208, 234
'Peterloo' 1818, 142, 155
Phalaris of Agrigentum, 194
Philadelphia, 79
Philip V, of Macedon, 212
Philippi, battle of, 224
Physical Force, 10, 16-18, 85, 112, 161
Pitt, William, the Elder, 47, 75
Pitt, William, the Younger, 138, 140, 141, 143
Place, Francis, 168, 169
Plato, 191 n.
Police, origin of name, 9-10; 'Police Manure', 9; dependence of communities on police, 16, 17; as necessary medium for military force, 10, 71, 184; Bodyguard police, 20, 177, 178, 192, 193, 195, 238; of Babylon, 179; Institutional police, Athens, 193, in Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires, 207.8; parish-constable police system, 19, 29.32; parish deputies, 31; breakdown of parish-constable system, 31, 35, 47, 52, 130.53; spreads to provinces, 31; 44, 46, 54, 57, 70, 81, 83; parish-constable system in U.S., 97; gendarmerie police, 20, 42, 177, 183, 194, 208, 224, 229, 237, 242.4, 246, 247, 250; Totalitarian police, 20, 177, 254; Ruler-appointed police, 177, 180, 184, 185, 194, 240, 242, 247, 253; 'New Police', see Metropolitan Police; only two kinds of police, 20; Kin-police, 18.21, 25.8, 83, 113, 157, 163, 164, 177, 185, 188.90, 209, 253; Petty Constable, 28, 29; Police Committees, 1818, 144, 155, 1822, 147, 1828, 148, 1834, 153; Cromwell's military police failure 30, 31; Metropolitan Police of London, 138, 143, 15O, 155, 169, 225; Paris police of 18th century, 244, 245, police as servants of public, 83; police forces in United States, 83, 97; United States police today, 97-112, 173; police weakness in United States, 113; New York City Police, 108, 110, 112, 114; Police Athletic League, 'P.A.L.', New York, 114; New York City Police Academy, 116; policemen in United States as basis of criminal reform, 113; Women Police in United States, 115; Junior Police in United States, 115, National Police Academy of Federal Bureau of Information, U.S., 116; need of securing public respect for police in United States to end problem of crime and corruption, 129; Police Principles, 110, 113, 115, 137, 154-73; Authorized Strength of police in Britain, 166, 167; police reform in England, 130.53; British Police Today, 154.73, 253, 254, Boroughs and Counties, 169; Thames River Police, 138; motorists abusing police, 161, baton charges by policc, 163; need of educational presentation of police values in Britain, 161; Scottish Police, 165n.; Railway Police, 167 n.; Democratic Police system, 253; Police Era 250, 254; Soviet Security Police, M.G.B., 247, 248; Home Secretary, police duties of, 169; British Police achievements and success, 170.3; danger to British Police from blindness of authority and other causes, 172, 173; British Police a necessity for True Democracy, 173; Police Bills, 1785, 143, 148, 1829, 148, 149; Police in Ancient History, 177.87; blue-cloaked police of Agrigentum, 194; Secret Police System of Sparta, 199, 200; Byzantine priests as police, 233; Islamic police, 234.6; police in London and in Rome of Augustus compared, 226; use of word police by archaeologists and others, 179, 183, 187
Polycrates of Samos, 194
Pompeius Rufus, 218
Pompey, 220, 221
Praetorian Guard, 224-7, 229
Press, freedom of, 46
Prisons in United States, 122, 123
Probation in United States, 119-21
Prohibition in United States, 96
Prosecutors, powers of, in United States, 115, 120
Punic Wars, 211
Pyrrhus of Epirus, 210

Quebec, Heights of Abraham, 74
Questores paricidii, 209, 210

Races, 14
Radicals, 168
Reformation, 29
Reform Bills, 1832, 168
Restoration, 29.31
Revere, Paul, 61, 72
Reynolds, P. K. Baillie, 226 n.
Rhode Island, 120
Riots, 31, 33, 45, 49, 50-3, 54; Boston, 60.4, 66, 134, 142, 144, 145, 150, 168
Roche, Captain, of Dartmouth, 63
Roman Empire, 19, 187, 2O6, 223-230; problem of law-enforcement solved by police, 224-5; break-down of police, 227; 235, 238, 243
Roman Republic, 209.24; problem of enforcing laws always unsolved, 210, 216; repression in Spain, 214; Slave Rebellions, 215, 219; bodyguard fights in Senate, 216, 218
Romilly, Samuel, 146
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 124
Rowan, Charles, 149.53, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 166
Royal Commission, 1838, 170
Royal Irish Constabulary, 147
Russia, 244-7; see also Soviet Russia

St. Louis Boys' Club, 128
Sassinid Empire, 235
Saxon Communities in England, 19, 154, 163, 164
Scirgefra, 27
Scotland, 165 n.
Scotland Yard, 169
Scythian Police of Athens, 192, 193, 197
Selucids and Empire, 205, 207, 208, 220
Seven Years War, 56, 74
Sheriff, 27, 28
Shire-moots, 27
Sicily, 195, 211, 212
Sidmouth, Lord, 142
Sing Sing Prison, New York, 125
Slavery, Negro, 92, 93
Smith, Bruce, 104 n.
Smith, Gertrude, 196 n., 197 n.
Smuggling in England, 14
Snefru, 18
Solon, 191
Soviet Russia, 43, 247, 248, 249, 252, 253
Spain, Roman repression, 214
Sparta, 199, 200
Spartacus, 220
Spitalfields, 50
Stalin, 247, 25O
Stamp Act, 1765, 57
Standard, newspaper, 156
Sugar Act, 1764, 57
Sulla, 217-l9
Sulpicius, 218
Sumer, 178, 181
Syria, 213, 220, 235

Tacitus, 26
Tammany Hall, 96
Tarring and Feathering, 67
Tel Harmel, 178n.
Tertullian, 229
Texas Rangers, 100
Theagenes of Megara, 194
Theban Dynasty, 182, 184
Thebes, 183, 184
Thicknesse, Philip, 245 n.
Third Degree, 108, 109, 110
Thomson, R. Campbell, 179 n.
Thutmose III, 183
Tories, 47
Totalitarian Ideology, 30
Totalitarian Police, see Police
Totalitarian State, 242
Town Marshals, 54, 57, 71
Townshend Acts, 1765, 57
Trade Union and Labour Movements, 172
Tradition, 18
Tribal Arbitrator, 18
Tribal Community, 18
Tribes, 14
Tucker Farms Prison, 125
Turks, 231, 237
Tutenkhamen, 184
Tyburn, 40, 41, 133
Tyrants, 20, 178, 190, 193.6
Tything, 25.8, 131

Umayyids, 235
United Nations Organization, 251, 252
United States, 19; police organization, 29, 32, 42; history, 82-96, 104; war with England, 1812, 90; Civil War, 92.5; United States Police, 97.112; juvenile crime, 110, 111; deaths from motor accidents, 111; 177, 244
Urban Cohorts of Rome, 224.7
U.S.S.R., see Soviet Russia

Valentine, Lewis J., 114
Van Tyne, Claude H., 70 n.
Vergennes, 8
Vicecomes, 28
Vigiles of Constantinople, 231
Vigiles of Rome, 185, 224, 226, 227

Walpole, Horace, 132
War, First World War, 147, 249, 250; Second World, 249; Third World, 249, 252
Wars of the Roses, 29
Washington, George, early attitude to Independence proposals, 70, 71; sufferings from Congress, 77; at New York, Brooklyn Heights, 78; Brandywine, 79; Valley Forge, 79; sufferings of his troops and treatment by Congress, 80, 84
Watch, 29
Waterloo, 151
Welfare Island Prison, New York, 124
Wellington, Duke of, 143, 168, 169
Wernicke, K., 197 n.
Westchester County Farm Jail, 122
Whigs, 47, 75
Wichita, 112
Wild, Jonathan, 32, 34-43, 49, 54
Wilkes, John, 32, 44-51, 54, 57, 139
Wollmer, August, 104 n.
World Powers, 14

Yeomanry, 142

Zimmern, Alfred E., 193 n., 200 n.