DIALOGUES OF ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD by Lucien Price
The title is obviously borrowed from titles on Plato, with Whitehead (ANW from now on) corresponding to Plato.ANW (1861-1947) (but his death may have been early in 1948) is the central figure in these long vignettes by Price, 48 of them, from 1932 up to November of 1947. With a short epilogue by Mrs Whitehead on ANW's death. '[After each meeting] The notes were typed up and sent to the Whiteheads. Nothing was said about publication until December of that year.' Most of Price's meetings were in the Whitehead's four room apartment in the Ambassador Hotel in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard. He was invited at age 63 to be Professor of Philosophy, which he was from 1924 to 1936.
Junius Lucien Price (1883-1964) seems to have been a journalist with the Boston Globe, though he described himself as a poet. He also wrote as Seymour Deming—e.g. in 1915 he wrote 'a message to the middle class' advocating, I think during a strike, that people should follow the 'carpenter of Nazareth'. This was before Jewish pressure brought the USA into the 'Great War'.
Price's notes were written from memory, soon after each meeting. As far as I know, Price left no hint as to whether he used mnemonics or shorthand. His Dialogues spanned 1934 to 1947, thus including the period of the rise of the NSDAP in Germany, and the Second World War, but not the rise of 'Communism' in China. So the book provides some insight into beliefs at the time. It's possible that Lucien Price was some sort of agent; I've made no attempt to check this hypothesis. But there may be people who've looked through his stored papers, or investigated in other ways.
My copy (cover, right) is a 1956 paperback, rather faded and yellowed. I think it was preceded by a 1954 hardback, from a different publisher; not Mentor books. I'll assume from now on that Price's detail is more or less right. I've read that Evelyn Whitehead disliked some of the book. My guess is that she felt annoyed by some of Price's references to her age and appearance.
Why bother with this dead white male? Some people, not me, may be able to find more content within him; I hope this review may help. I've included an enlarge index which may help track down ideas.
He was part of the immense Jew-dependency which needs to be understood. And he knew both Cambridges, in England and the USA, and with Evelyn could talk shop about those worlds. Or perhaps "talked metashop" is more accurate. Scandals, gossip, changes in things like syllabuses and exams and publications, changing marks to change appointees, and, arguably most important but least discussed, changes with time of subject matter and ways of processing, or not processing, topics.
ANW was a product of the English public school and Oxbridge route to lifelong privilege. It's a male equivalent of the female need of the time to be chaste, to avoid side-effects, and which needed full-time iron self-control. Males at the time had to conform if they wished to continue their lifelong Church and/or University membership and income and housing. My reading of Whitehead is that he was this type; I'd guess he was cautious all his life about what he wrote. Price's book is a compendium of Protestant 19th century beliefs about Britain, the Empire, the world, the Greeks and Romans, philosophies, Plato, the Church, the victory of Christianity, the supposed deficiencies of Gibbon, and so on.
ANW was proud of his early life in the Isle of Thanet, which is, on a map, the little pimple projecting at the eastmost point of Kent, but continued inland as a rectangle. 'The term 'island' is now more historical than geographical', but it was once an island, south of which the Romans invaded. ANW went to school at Sherborne, in Dorset.
Rather remarkably, most of these people believed they lived in times when free speech was simply assumed to apply. Russell wrote '... Cambridge was a good place, where independence of mind could exist undeterred.' But all this needed iron self-control, and defences, particularly against any critical examination of Jews and their influence. Peter Medawar wrote of the 'air of joyless learning.. about.. Whitehead'. Medawar said he thought many books are too long.
On his philosophy, Russell (who met him ANW in Cambridge University in 1890 and collaborated for years with him later) wrote: 'His philosophy was very obscure, and there was much in it that I never succeeded in understanding. He had ... a leaning toward Kant, ... and ... was considerably influenced by Bergson. He was impressed by ... unity in thee universe, and [thought] that scientific inferences can be justified. ...' Browsers of things like Wiki won't find anything substantial on ANW, though he's said for example to be part of 'process philosophy', no doubt based on the book title Process and Reality. If Russell found him 'very obscure' it's unlikely that such sources could be helpful.
On Whitehead and history, Russell wrote 'his knowledge of history used to amaze me' (which could be interpreted in opposite ways). He wrote that ANW used Paolo Sarpi on the Council of Trent as a bed book, and gave two examples of ANW's supplying 'some illuminating fact': Burke's views and his interests in the City of London, and the Hussites and Bohemian silver mines. All these relate to Jews.
In James R Newman's The World of Mathematics (4 vols published 1956 onward; probably part of the Jewish victory in WW2, mopping up of academic work by unoriginal types) ANW is given a chapter Mathematics as an Element in the History of Thought (vol 1, chapter 15) beginning 'The science of pure mathematics, in its modern developments, may claim to be the most original creation of the human spirit. .. The originality.. consists in the fact that in mathematical science connections between things are exhibited which, apart from the agency of human reason, are extremely unobvious. Thus the ideas, now in the minds of contemporary mathematicians, lie very remote from any notions which can be immediately derived by perception through the senses; unless indeed it be perception stimulated and guided by antecedent mathematical knowledge. ...'
Newman supplies an introduction about Whitehead culled from a number of sources, including obituaries in Mind April 1948 by C D Broad, and The Nation Feb 14 1948 by Ernest Nagel, and Russell also in Mind April 48 on Whitehead. Whitehead recollected D'Arcy Thompson, James Stephen, Lowes Dickinson, Henry Head, Frederic Maitland, Henry Sidgwick, Arthur Verrall, judges, scientists & MPs, in Paul Schilpp, 'Autobiographical Notes'.
C D Broad says "It is often desperately difficult to understand what Whitehead is asserting. When one is fairly sure of this, it is often equally hard to discover what he considers to be the reason for asserting it; for he seems often to be 'not arguing but just telling you.' And finally, when one thinks that one knows what he is asserting and what he is alleging as the ground for it, one often fails to see how the latter proves or makes probable the former...'"
ANW was awarded the O.M. (Order of Merit, suposedly in the gift of the Monarch). After the Second World War there was a disconcerting promotion drive for ANW, including wanting him on the front cover of Time. He seems to have thought he was given anonymous money for printing his books in a heavily edited form, without his permission. Whitehead seems to have been considerably gullible about radio and book publicity. The Dialogues give a rather scrambled view of a naively propagandised couple—like hundreds of millions of others, of course.
#7 March 9, 1936 Germans as romantic heroes. 1914
#13 Jan 17 1939 [Oct 30 1938 'War of the Worlds' on Orson Welles radio]
#20 June 17, 1941
#21 June 28 1941
#22 Aug 30 1941
#25 Dec 10 1941 [Pearl Harbor]
#27 May 5, 1943
#35 Nov 14 1944 German cruelty Greek village of Distomo
#41 August 1945 'atom bombs' barely mentioned
#43 Sept 11, 1947
• ANW says "My father.. grandfather, and my uncles all had to do with education or local administration, or both. And so have I."
The 'Dictionary of National Biography' posthumous reference to ANW includes a reference to a very long Royal Society paper. I have seen this; it is not very comprehensible.
• A Cambridge scandal of 1910 was C V Boys's wife's affair. Possibly part of the reason Whitehead moved to London University.
ANW was a friend of D'Arcy Thompson, and Stokes. And no doubt others.
• ANW said relativity [as promoted by Jews rather than the Europeans] had a tremendous affect on him; classical mechanics was all gone, just like that. His comment suggested to me that ANW had simply learned material almost parrot-fashion, with no idea how to deal with new material.
• ANW on first-rate people said e.g. that Huxley was not quite first rate. He mentioned Plato and Shakespeare (but with no idea about authenticity of texts). He allowed Wagner. A "really swagger scientist" is very rare; there are many "technicians". He must have counted himself as not first rate.
• ANW discussed decadence: I don't know if he considered the Principia as a decadent product—after the calculus had been expanded for centuries.
• ANW says whenever a great name was mentioned, he looked up his dates and his form of activity, and memorized them. Names include philosophers, Roman emperors, English kings. He discovered five of the principal figures in English history overlap.
• Mrs ANW probably wanted to preside over an 18th century salon, judging by her remarks on her collection of French memoirs and letters.
• ANW 'pointed out that knowledge doesn't keep any better than fish.'
• ANW's beliefs and knowledge came from official and pseudo-official sources. Note the cover picture's big rotatable globe, atlas, reference books, library shelves, with teacup, fountain pen. Reading a small book, possibly his diary. Not shown is his writing board, which ANW had by his armchair, to go over his lap.
• In 1918 ANW's son Eric was killed, aged 18. Russell said this caused appalling grief to ANW and played a art in turning him to mysticism.
• ANW's education was Greek, Latin, mathematics, but little science; and Church of England as depicted by Trollope in the background. He was a prefect and sporty. I suppose this allowed him to say there might be complicated universes in a piece of furniture.
• ANW praised the ENORMOUS influence of Plato; but gave little in the way of explanation of why he thought so, since neither the C of E or British laws were obviously Platonic.
• ANW praised the Hebrews and Bible, but presumably had no conception of the concealed malice and greed of the Talmud.
• ANW had no understanding of secrecy
• ANW thought the aristocracy in England was finished. He had no grasp of its Judaized nature or the family networks through time and across US, Canada, Australia.
• ANW accepted all the Jew-free ideas of the 'Russian Revolution', Lenin as a great man, the great work of rebuilding a whole society, the 'whole Russian people is obviously unified', assuming Price reported faithfully.
• ANW now I think of it knew little of Islam (think of Jefferson, and Barbary pirates) and little of the Greek Orthodox Church.
• ANW said he liked abstraction, and aimed for abstraction. But abstraction from establishment ideas is unlikely to produce anything new. ANW's Cambridge teaching was partly in geometry and partly in mechanics, but I don't think he generalised from either. I don't think he generalised from logic; for example he didn't investigates sets of impossible events, which would be imortnt in assessing the probability of a god existing. Probably ANW was simply the type described by Ivor Catt, a supposed expert, who passed exams in his early life and did little useful subsequent work.
1898: A Treatise on Universal Algebra
1906: On Mathematical Concepts of the Material World (in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society)
1910: Introduction to Mathematics
1910 and later: Principia Mathematica (with Russell)
1919: An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge
1920: The Concept of Nature (Tarner Lectures)
1926: Religion in the Making
1926: Science and the Modern World
1929: Process and Reality (Gifford lectures at Edinburgh 1927/8)
1933: Adventures of Ideas
1941: Process and Reality (New York)
1962: 'The Aims of Education and Other Essays' edited
NB rather a weak index, I'd guess compiled by an indexer. Some things reappear in different places. But lots of stuff is omitted from the index. I don't know how much Price omitted from his book; I suspect as a Boston Globe journalist he accepted censorship and editing.
Many specifically British and continental references have been cut out (and perhaps garbled or never registered by Price; nothing in this book was mechanically recorded.
Not indexed are Eddington & Jeans, British authors unknown in US; continental mathematicians; Russell; Bergson; people like Sidgwick; Buckle, Milman (Gibbon is just about in). Darwin gets a few mentions of a silly Bergsonian or perhaps Lamarckian sort. McCabe is not in. Wells is not in. Socialism, General Strike, Jarrow etc aren't in.
Among other topics, I couldn't find: Geometry (in spite of ANW's teaching of it and interest), Sarpi's Council of Trent, Inquisition, China (except for a few things), law (except natural laws), Keynes, Littlewood, sex (except re Buchman), logic, Arabs, Principia Mathematica, Isle of Thanet.
There's an almost ludicrous smugness; I've added some jokes.
ABILITY, where you get the best, 113, very narrow range of, 126
[Joke: ablest British people the upper artisans, 88]
Acquisitive scholarship overdone, 140
Action lands you in conflict, 77
Active and static thought, difference between, 122
Actuality, process is itself the, 173-4; mathematics does not give any account of, 175
Adult education, 278
Adventure, meaning of life is, 206
Adventures of Ideas (Whitehead), 15, 110 [middle third uses his own terminology], 173: book he had most wanted to write, 15
Adventures of ideas, the life cycle in, 207
Advocatus diaboli, [=devil's advocate] 119
Aeschylus, 153, 215
Aesthetic appeal of the Church, blunder of throwing away, 192
Aesthetic came after the moral values, 153
Aesthetic sense too highly cultivated, educated people have, 55
Aesthetic view of life, contribution of Greeks is, 206-7
Aims of Education, The (Whitehead), 112, 116, 131, 136, 263, 291 [Includes material on the classics, both for and against]
Air about us may be peopled by intelligences, 193
Alcohol as a criterion of civilization, 48
Alexandria systematized Hellenic thought, 246
[Alexandria Library, 267]
America, life looks not back but forward in; 51; Protestantism in, 54; to be civilized by the business class, 57; potential public bigger (than England) in, but distributed, 59; life in, is kinder than anywhere else, 112; and the artist, 148; "pastlessness" in, 169; universal education in, 201; will gain by the admixture of the brilliant southern European strains, 231; democracy horizontal in, vertical in England, 280
American aborigines, how (they) reached this continent from Asia, 71 [NB: includes myth: Behring Strait as tiny neck of land]
American democracy creating an aristocracy, 41
American history stems from the dissenter, 40
American inventiveness not primarily originative, 49
American journalism, intrusions upon personal privacy by, 59
American liberals, where (they) come from, 88
American Midwest, civilization on grand scale in the, 61 American myth, corruption of the, 217 American nation, basic unifying idea of, 126 American newspaper headlines, 23 American people, kindness of, unique in history, 168 American slang, 180 American small town, one class-line of, 169
American social system the best that ever existed, 254
American students less well-informed than English, 24-25
American universities, in their board functions, 42; to civilize business, 56
American women conventionalized by the sameness of their education, 196
Americans, must not copy Europe, 56; care more for equality than for liberty, 167-8; creating myths now, 217; unimaginative in interpretations of democracy, 220 Ancient world, conversation from, 152
Anglican service a symbol of aristocracy's responsibility, 132
Anglo-American stock, 231
Anglo-American understanding, common language a help or hindrance to, 40
[anonymous donations, 289-90, apparently tied in with republication of his hard-to-obtain books, heavily edited without his permission]
Anti-Semitism rare in England, 168
Antonine emperors, adoptive successors to, ratified by a military oligarchy, 37
[Apostles at Cambridge 284]
"Appeal to Sanity, An" (Whitehead), 91-2, 96, 97 [on Germany & Czechoslovakia early 1939]
Applied mathematics equipped scientists with a complex medium, 60-1
Aptitude, superior forms of, in humble people, 204
Arabic numerals easier to manage, 60
Archimedes, 175; we might have had the Industrial Age in the time of, 187; everything necessary for modern science and technology existed in the time of, 252 Architecture, 207
Argument, spontaneous conversation should follow where (it) leads, 18, 139
Aristocracies welcome talent, 78
Aristocracy, in this country, (it) had a black eye, 57; that shirks its leadership is done for, 58: [in Britain, rich middle-class families marrying into aristocracy -] for no obvious reason; perhaps Methodism? almost for the first time in history, with a religious tinge, 111
Aristophanes, 30, 285
Aristotle, 120, 138, 177, 186-7, 252; Politics, 110 [outdated by Alexander as it was written; Price comment perhaps stolen from Russell]; invented science but destroyed philosophy, 139; Ethics, 276
Art, easy for a good period of, to die, 25; greatest, speaks to the common people, 26; [and American millionaires buying from the past, unlike the original buyers of those works, 51]; theory on relation of technique to, 84; flourishes when there is a sense of adventure, 142; great, is dealing with simple subjects freshly, 149; is the imposing of a pattern on experience, 186
Art-forms, life cycles of, 85 [surely taken from some other writer? E.g. four English Gothic types]
Artisans seeking intellectual enlightenment, 14
Artist, or amanuensis, 31; and America, 148; place of, in our national development, 148-9; must have a continuous flow of fresh aesthetic experiences, 235
[Artistic experience [Note: rule of 3:] mix of three things: stimulus, soothing, mental, 54-5/ example of the mental side, with poetry, 104]
Artists, great, exhaust an epoch, 26; not to be blamed for what is done with their works, 65; germinating power of, in American civilization, 141
Arts, sterility among Bostonians in, 39
Ascham, Roger, 63
Athens, 139
Atlantic Monthly, 171, 190
Atomic bombs, 270
Audience of ten persons, a man writes for, 58
Augustus Caesar, 103, 166; President Roosevelt compared with, 35; saved Rome from the Romans, 133
Aurelius, Marcus, 37, Meditations, 140
Austen, Jane, 29-30
Average comfort and literacy, diffusion of, major achievements in human history, 49
BACKWARD REGIONS, revolutionize life in, 122
Battle was on higher ground (to Whitehead), 22
Bayreuth, festival in, 64
[Beautiful people, 91. Everyone seems to exclude Brits and Americans automatically! Perhaps in southern Italy 'people still seem to look like the old Greeks..']
Beauty, unschooled people (have) more true feeling for, 55
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 59, 187, 219; Diabelli Variations, 17
Belgian Women, The, 36 [cf Trojan Woman]
[Bergson, perhaps? 277]
Best, damnable heresy that people don't want the, 211
Bible, 111, 150; should have closed with Funeral Speech of Pericles, 22; humourless, 30, 93, 163, 285, 286; "not one of my students had ever read," 89; has been a best seller, 93; excels in suggestion of infinitude, 111; allusions to, and classical tradition on the wane, 130; Iliad compared with, 163
Biography, satirical, 26
"Bitch Goddess," 96
"Bleak House," 12, 292
[Bloomsbury, & Mrs W on rottenness, 214]
Book, kind of, about which one must do something, 140
Boss, what service does (he) perform, 74
Boston, 95; ought to have done: better, 202; wickedness in, in early twentieth century, 238 [three new novels about, 73; British repelled from and celebrations, 79]
Bostonian, a correct Puritan, 34
Bostonians, sterility in the arts among, 39
Bottle-washing job (London University), 13
Bourgeois virtues, 213
Brahms, Fourth Symphony, 16; German Requiem, 226
Breakup, our own time a period of, 26
"Bright boys, the," 85
[British policy in 1938, both Cons and Lab at fault, 80]
British seamanship, excellence of, 49
Brothers, have as many (of them) as you like, but no cousins, 183
Brüning, Dr. Heinrich, 227
Brutality, always an element of, in religion, 132
Buchan, John, 'Cromwell', 40
Buchman sect, 32
Buckingham Palace, 90
Buddhism, 135, 155, 162, 243; not associated with an advancing civilization, 155
[Burke 78]
Business, American universities to civilize, 56 [-7. With false analogies about law, medicine, education from Whitehead?]
Business class, America to be civilized by the, 56
Butler, Samuel, 162, 229
CADENCE OF VERSE is an aid to memory, 126
Caesar, Julius, 103; Commentaries, 103
Calvin, John, 192
Calvinism, man marked for eternal damnation by, 54
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Whitehead comes to, 9, 14-15. See also Harvard University
Cambridge Ancient History, 242, 243
Cambridge and Oxford, returning more nearly to their function in the Middle Ages, 278; comparison of, 284 [45]
Cambridge University, 25, 42, 45; Whitehead's student days at, 11; Fellow of Trinity, 13; reminiscences of, 193, 203
Cannon, Dr. Walter B., 67-73 [physiologist]
Capitalism, wouldn't greatly matter whether a family had much money even under, 75
Capitalist system, (its) one chance of survival, 75
Career was open to talents, 78
Careers, extravagant (1850-1959), 9
Carmen, was she a really nice woman, 64
Catastrophe, the man who averts a, 103
['Catherine of Aragon', by Garrett Mattingly, 136-7]
Catholic Church, 119, 132. See also Roman Catholic Church
Catholic confessional, 54
Catholic theology is a philosophy of life as of a man who had lived dissolutely, 58
Catholicism, 107, 215
Catholics, 149
Celtic revival, 90
Certitude, gone, 12; now at last we have, 109; beware of, 243
Chance, freaks of, only the last steps in causation, 167; element in history of, 167
Change, perfection just precedes a, 49; is constant, 174
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 24
Chicago, university scholars at, most like Greece, 50-1
Children, "giving my, better chance than I had," 75; are diehard conservatives, 157
China, discussion of Communism in, 254 [completely different from Russian/ Whitehead thinks they have 'no continuity']
Chinese laugh at the same jokes as we do, 72
[Chinese and Boxer indemnity & US education of some Chinese, 72]
Choric odes in Greek tragedy, 79
Christian theology, 17, 143-5
Christianity, the Hellenic element came into, 54; came into Europe through "the lower orders," 54; the end of, 112; interpreters are (its) misfortune, 117, 144; had no idea of managing a complex society, 132; theological disaster of, 145; involved in perpetual self-contradiction, 212; responsibility for continuance of a social system absent from, 212; deficiencies of, 238-9; did not invent human worth, 239
Church, blunder of throwing away the aesthetic appeal of the, 192
Church of Rome, "damnable errors" of the, 33
Churchill, Winston Spencer, 221, 232, 287
Cicero, 63
Civilization, new factor in, 14; alcohol as a criterion of, 48; on the grand scale in the American Midwest, 61; three preconditions to flourishing, 62
Civilized life, we live amid a disintegration of, 223
Class-line of American small town, 169
[Class war starts in US in 1912, thinks Price; and rich peoples' unable to deal with Roosevelt, 40]
[Classes, influential, the more are satisfied by a government, the solider it will; be 130]
Classic models, readjustment of traditional, to modern needs is wanted, 107 [ANW says the match of Greek and Latin with the times then was quite close - aristocrats and mobs, impeachment. And presumably wars and slaves, though he characteristically omits these]
Classical tradition on the wane, 130
Classics, textual criticism of, done, 127
Clergy have lost their hold, 112
Coincidence, what is (it), 167
Colosseum, modern substitute for, 39
Common language a help or a hindrance to Anglo-American understanding, 40
Common man, American political myth is to safeguard lot of, 217
Common people, greatest art speaks 26; unsuspected powers in, 125
Commonplaces, letting guests start off on, 47
Communication in words, difficulty of, 271
Communism ought to have six hundred varying definitions, 254
Conant, James B., 99 [anecdote about not renewing three-year contracts]; Wanted: American Radicals, 164
Concepts, "why you use a new terminology for your own," 110; how the fundamental (ones) of philosophers in the past have been conditioned, 110; "I do not think in words. I begin with," 124; people compose in words or in, 149
Confucius, 145
Congregational parsons superior to the Harvard faculty, 150
Congregationalists grouped with Unitarians, 286
[Congress of Vienna, Metternich, Russia, 233]
Contemplation, divorcement of the life of, from the practical world, 93
[controlled experiments; Price misunderstands 71]
Conversation, as much learned from, as from books, 11; skillfully encouraged, 15; should begin on a quiet note, 16; should follow argument where it leads, 18; unusual to get authentic records of, from the past, 151; from the ancient world, 152; development from good, 199; the oldest form of entertainment known to the human race, 209
Cook, a good (one) cooks to the glory of God, 203 [and other comments on cooking; one suspects Evelyn was pissed off when she had to do it; ANW perhaps never did it]
Country, man's best thinking done in the, 62
Country-bred lads more self-reliant, 62
["Create!" as a sort of imperative. Unfortunately he doesn't really give examples of what he means. Had he done anything creative? 56]
Creation, ages of upheaval favourable to, 26; Hebrews conceived of, from the outside, Greeks as going on within the universe, 296
Creation of an artwork, why (it) exhausts the experience for its creator, 58
Creative people, government by, 36
Creators today substitute a mental idea for aesthetic experience, 61
Crops, discipline imposed by daily contact with the leisurely growth of, 63
Cultural soil of Europe deeper, 25
Culture in its finest flower before it begins to analyze itself, 139
Culture State, 36
Cushing, Dr. Harvey, 45, 209, 229, 255
Custom varies with time and place but comes to much the same thing, 137-8
[Czechoslovakia, ANW on in 1939, 91ff-]
DANTE, Inferno, 153
Darwin, Charles, 219; is the dullest great man, 228; (his) dismissal of the transmission of acquired characteristics is lapse, 229
Dates interrupt the flow of literary style, 243 [NB this entry is misleading; in fact Whitehead says he likes dates, so he knows when he is. Ironically, although the chapters in this book are dated, it's difficult to tell when you are as you read - RW]
"Daylight-wasting," 67
Decay, seeds of the future in every age of, 216
Decaying society, how to live well in, 109
Decency, "this is no time for," 21
De Friez, Mrs. Thaddeus (Grace), [apparently a society woman] 15, 40, 81, 156-63
Deland, Mrs. Margaret, 154
Democracy, task of, to relieve mass misery and preserve freedom of individual, 80; English and American unimaginative in interpretations of the term, 220; vertical in England, horizontal in America, 280
Demosthenes, 63
[Denmark, "where PhDs sells shoestrings" evidently a meme of the time, 70]
Depth, "what do we mean when we say that a person has," 113
Descartes, René, 186
Devout, a man may be, without being good, 227
Dewey, John, 145, 206, 271 [narrower than William James]
Dialogue in print as a plausible likeness of the way people talk, 186
Dialogues, explanation of title and method used in, 18-20; arrangement to publish, 20-21
Dickens, Charles, 28 [considered beneath notice in 1880s], 113, 292; read to Whitehead as a boy, 10; Bleak House, [actual one in Broadstairs, 12], 28; (his) characters aren't caricatures, 198; Pickwick Papers, 248, 282
Die temporarily, 267
Diffused opportunity will depress talent and genius, 219
Dinneen, Joseph, Ward Eight, 73-76 [political novel of corruption in Boston]
Discipline imposed by daily contact with the leisurely growth of crops, 63
Dispute, the worst of, is that it spoils discussion, 17
Disraeli, Benjamin, 288
Dissenter, American history stems from, 40
Doctor, the good American, is the most advanced type of human being, 136; [appendicitis, pneumonia & medical improvements, 136]
"Dodges, the," 267 [i.e. ways of misrepresenting reality; Mrs W on Imperialism and 'good neighbors'; ANW on corporations treated as persons, since about the East India Co; now, they need government regulation.]
Dogmatic finality, the fallacy of, 12
Dogmatism, self-satisfied, 12
Dogmatists, scientists, and sceptics are the leading, 12
Domination, distinction between love of effective action and desire for, 184
Domitian, Emperor, 98
Dons, least donnish of, 203
Drawn out, very few people are adequately, 126
[Drink, alcoholic, and Whitehead family in their village, 47]
ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT, fallacies of American thinking that human worth leads to aptitudes, 204 [Joke: surely Whitehead wouldn't have used that phrase?/ Economic determinism apparently not understood by ANW, 57]
Eden, Anthony, 221
Editorial conferences like a Platonic Dialogue, 139
Educated people have aesthetic sense too highly cultivated, 55
Education, danger is that (it) will freeze, 56; for an elite, 95; the practicalities of, 203
['Education, the Future of', Livingstone, 136]
Edward VII, 249
Egyptians, development of geometry by, 60
1859 a climax of the nineteenth century, 100
Eighteenth and seventeenth centuries in England, differences between, 87
Eighteenth century, royal manners in, 35; why (it) was so flat in England, 113
Eighteenth-century squiredom, 13
Einstein, Albert, 277
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 287
Elders, cleavage between youth and its, 59
Eleventh Commandment, 79
Eliot, Charles W., 70, 93, 94 [did useful work breaking up classical education in USA, said ANW]
Eliot, George, 29, 281, [Middlemarch, 185; "we knew them" in Middlemarch, says EW 102, naming them - but Price doesn't give the names; as it was published 1871-2, the real Lydgate/Vincy characters could well have been known.]
Elizabeth, Queen (I), 25, 63 [and her Latin tutoring by Ascham enabling her to blast the Polish ambassador - the story goes]
Elizabethan drama, short-lived, 142
Emerson, Edward Waldo, 190; The Early Years of the Saturday Club, 190
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 24, 132
Emigration is always selective, [joke: surely he's considering himself and London and USA. Cf e.g. slaves taken from Africa] 84; vivid people drawn off by, in the seventeenth century, 84 ["vivid" seems to be ANW's word to include Puritans]; [ANW thinks difference between 17th and 18th centuries accounted for by this, 87]
Emotions aroused but not satisfied in religious experience, 55
Encyclopaedia Britannica, criticism of writing in, 242
England, parent of free government, 9; eighteenth century land-owning tradition in, 4 (its) system inherited from medieval feudalism, 74; differences between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in, 87; best morality in, 129; more fellow-feeling between upper classes and labouring people in, [57 and] 161 sense of the past in, 169: democracy is vertical in, in America horizontal, 280
English, how (they) manage their political opposition, 118; are unimaginative in interpretations of the term democracy, 220; "never abolish anything. They put it in cold storage," 249
English aristocracy creating democracy 41
English Church reform wasn't religious, 132
English civilization from 1500-1900, 24
English courses, in American colleges, 181; are necessary 184
English crew, discipline of, 49
English grammar, [AW was not taught it; and he was taught Greek grammar out of a Latin grammar (and read NT in its 'beneath contempt' Greek)] 248
English landed aristocracy ruined, 165
English literature, influenced by French, lost its distinctive character, 181
English newspapers compared with American, 23
English novelists compared with Russian, 185
English prose, whether the typewriting machine would worsen (it), 149
English publishers, fairly compact public of, 59
English schooling taking from the ancient world what seemed applicable to ourselves, 222
English students less eager than American, 25 [Russell I think in 'Conquest of Happiness' said the same]
Enjoyment, man, in his social systems, has given little scope to development of our faculties of, 205
Enthusiasm, nothing great or new can be done without, 45
Epoch, great artists exhausting an, 26; ['perfection signifies end' 49; cp life cycles in art 84-5]
Equal, how we are all at bottom, 131
Erasmus, Desiderius, 191-2
Error may be the happy chance, 121
Ethical behaviour, social stability one of the prerequisites of, 212
Euclid, 175
Euripides, 36
Europe, Christianity came through "the lower orders" into, 54
European culture, [joke:] American Middle West is only place where another great flowering might come of, 55
European man at his best [Note: golden age myth?] between 1400 and 1600, 55
Europeans, northern, 65, 66
"Evenings at the Whiteheads'," 15
Excess is a necessary element in greatness, 121
Existence, desire for a pattern of, 143
Experience, enormous part of, cannot be expressed in words, 159; in poetry is a fragrance of, 160
Experiment, plenty of lifetimes to, 37
FABIANS, 28
["false memory" implanted in Whitehead, 99]
Families with wealth are free to experiment, 80
[Fear, 'in nerves and vitals', unspoken, in England, before 1914, 24]
Finality, delusion of, 12
Finland produces a great artist (Sibelius), 45
First-rate people are all through society, 128-9
Flexner, Abraham, 42 [proposals on US education]
Flogging was an accepted part of discipline at Sherborne, 221
[Food supply theory and population growth and slavery, and civilization (& climate); surely from Buckle? 62]
Force, only justification of, is to reduce the amount of force, 77; when (it) must be used, 82, 129
Formal history gives us the conclusions, the end results, without showing us how these results were arrived at, 282
Fortunes tied up in trust funds, 40
Frankfurter, Felix, 92
Free governments, Holland, England, United States are parents of, 9-10
Free will, question of, 157; is power of conscious origination, 159
Freedom of individual, the task of democracy to preserve, 80
French Revolution, 233, 234 [46, 84, 172; Mrs W in particular accepts the brains in buckets idea]
[French letters in the early 19th century, Mrs W's aversion & hence collection of memoirs & letters, 46-7]
[Froude, 242]
Freudians are an example of naive acceptance, 172
GALSWORTHY, JOHN, 282 [Mrs W says 'another outsider']
Gaskell, Mrs. Elizabeth, 281
Genius, "how can we perpetuate these rare flashes of," 66; how to account for explosion in Greece of, 267
Gentleman, on the throne, 35; the Iliad the origin of our idea of, 163; definition of a, 284
George III, 87; an exemplary family man, 172
George VI, 249
German cruelty, [and WW1, newspaper, presumably Boston Globe, 47,] 239 [massacre of Greek village of Distomo], 253 [ANW says worse than at any time in history]
German diplomacy operatic, 64
[German domination, & wholesale repudiation of moral principle, 185]
[German 48ers, 84, 168]
German military men, two types of, 232
German scholarship, 224, 276-7
German theology, 224
German universities, 69
Germans, 64-5; affirming righteousness of, 47; [unscrupulous will to dominate, 1875]
Germany, 103 [and forests, and Romans; under Nazis 69]
Gibbon, Edward, 225; Decline and Fall of Roman Empire, 122 [Acquaintance with Lord North, who lost the American colonies, valuable ...]
Gifted individuals beginning to appear, 148
Gloucester fishing schooners, 49
Glow of a young man who has just discovered some great work, 209
God is in the world, or nowhere, 297
God of the universe, union of Plato's God with, 178
Goethe, [joke:] Johnson [sic] Wolfgang, [36, 44], 59, 104-5, 149, 153, 163, 219; enjoyed administration, 36-7
Gold Coast (Harvard), breaking of, 94
Good government, how to get a, 36
Good neighbor policy, 267
[Gore, Bishop, 293]
Gosse, Edmund, 43
Gothic, English, 84
Government, by the creative people, 36; task of, to satisfy somebody, 98
Grant, Ulysses S., 101
[Grantchester, mill, where the Ws lived, 83]
Granville-Barker's production of The Trojan Women, 36
Great artists exhausting an epoch, 26
Great events seldom the product of a single cause, 148
Great figure, incentive of any one, 26
Great man, chance production of, 88
Great men, galaxy in 1600's of, 124
Greats [and modern Greats] at Oxford, 94, 284
Greece; how to account for the explosion of genius in, 266
Greek, as historical record of governing peoples with maritime power, 11; New Testament in, 11; taught Queen Elizabeth I, 63
Greek authors immeasurably superior to the Roman, 222
Greek genius, 265
Greek gift for laughter, 30, 98, 163
Greek language is matchless instrument of thought, 247
[Greek Lexicon, Liddell and Scott, 51]
Greek literature doesn't age, 267
Greek tragedy, choric odes in, 79
[Greeks Joke: considered "mailed fist barbarian" said ANW, 54]
Greeks, 98, 163; weren't studying the best models, 51; [joke:] university scholars at Chicago most like, 51; development of mathematics by the, 60; an aesthetic view of life the contribution of the, 207; questioning of elder religious forms by the, 216; conceived of creation as going on within the universe, 296
Group confessional, 32
Guests, letting (them) start off on commonplaces, 47
[Halévy, Elie, maintained French revolutionary ideas, especially ['godless'; in fact deist] Jacobinism, were prevented from crossing the English channel by the Wesleyans.]
HALF-TRUTHS, all truths are, 19; idea of predominance of economic motive in man is, 223; taken for whole truths raises the mischief, 224; we live perforce by, 243
Hamlet, plot of, three thousand years old, 149
Hand and brain need to be trained together, 93
Hanoverian dynasty, 172
Hard liquor, why Northmen prefer, 48
Harvard University, Whitehead at, 15; lack of enthusiasm at, 113; Tercentenary, 116, 121; Junior Fellows of, 117, 118, 119, 120, 211; Yard concert, 226; blunders in personnel matters, 255; description of University Hall, 259; Whitehead's O.M. Award [his handwritten note is reproduced] at, 258-261
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, The Scarlet Letter, 236
Headlines in American newspapers, 23
Heaven, an oratorio in costumes, 112; people no longer believe in, 112; idiotic Christian idea of, 224; is there laughter in, 285
Heavy hydrogen, 121
Hebraic thought, dissent from, 17; two strains run through (it) gentle and harsh, 117; went northward among the European peoples instead of Hellenic, 246
Hebrew genius, 265 ["most intense ethical perception" 286]
[Hebrews: note assumed identity of 'Hebrews' and 'Jews'/ and historical continuity, e.g. 53]
Hebrew theology, 162
Hebrews, had no independent state to govern, 212; lack of humour of, 285, 286; tried to conceive of God creating the world from the outside, 296
Hellenes, to what extent (they) and the Semites re-expressed ideas which were generally current, 266
Hellenic element came into Christianity, 54
Hellenic thought, systematized by Alexandria, 246; has a way of becoming whatever the people who receive it are themselves, 247
[Hellenism [Note: slow academic perception; cp physics, psychology..] took Price 12 years after graduating, plus five authors - Murray, Livingstone, Zimmern, Cornford, Casson, 'and that group' - to understand, 66]
Hellenism and Hebraism, 147
Henderson, Lawrence, 14, 120
Heredity, supine reliance on, a bad effect, 229
Higher education in a modern industrial civilization, 14
Hindus, 223
Historians, best education of, 121; most (of them) accept the official documents of an epoch at their full value, 225; [irritatingly, don't give dates, 242]
Historical events, several causes coalesce, in great, 166
Historical riddles, asking ourselves, 83
History, not learned from a book, 10; real, in nerves and vitals, 24; two occasions in, when people in power did what was needed as well as possible, 132-3; element of chance in, 167; is from day to day, 282
Hitler, Adolf, 64 [at Bayreuth - as was Price], 106
Holland, parents of free government, 9-10
Homer, 265
Hoover, Herbert, 96 [control over matter rather than people, and administration, to reconcile feeding Belgian babies with killing some other lot]
Hopkinson, Charles, doing portrait of Whitehead, 257, 271, 274
[horse-drawn carriage incident in Boston, with roads etc, to dodge gas rationing; and ANW speculates whether it had been a 'saddle horse' 194]
[Huguenots, 84]
Human beings, does a doctor see all of, 89; where most beautiful are to be seen, 91; awareness of worth in, 238
Human equality, what valid basis we have for our concept of, 128; sense of, affected by prevailing ideas of opportunity, 198
Human experience accumulating in men's bodies, 152
Human knowledge, a single mind to grasp the sum of 120
Human suffering, what has done most to relieve, 144
Human talent, latent capacities of, 278
Humanism and science balance in Whitehead, 11
Humble people, finest moral intuitions come to, 161; superior forms of aptitude in, 204
Humility, true, 11
Humour, absence from Bible, 163; lack of, in books and art, 285-6
[Hunsacker, Jerome, head of aeronautical engineering at M.I.T., 195]
Hutchins, Robert, 94, 121
Huxley, Thomas Henry, Letters, 228
IBSEN, HENRIK, 247 [and performance of John Gabriel Borkman 188, apparently a musical thing with Boston Symphony Orchestra]
Idea, how (it) is debased, 161-2; with sense of sight (it) communicates the emotion; with sound, the motion communicates (it), 188
Idealistic motives, no period of history that does not act on, 223
Ideas, were passports, 44; which have lain in their tombs, rising again, have revolutionized human society [but no examples], 85; won't keep, 86; length of time it takes for (them) to pass into general currency, 126; commonized, lose their force, 177; the life cycle in adventures of, 207
"If all good people were clever," [poem] 31
Iliad, comparing with the Bible, 163; origin of our idea of the gentleman, 163; laughter in, 286 tween ages of nineteen and thirty-five, 70
"Imitations of Immortality," 31 [remark on seeing Sargent portraits]
Immoral God, the most, ever imagined, 162
Immoral music, 64
[Imperialist America? certainly, 267]
"In Boston when it snows at night," David McCord, 38
Incentive of any one great figure, 26
Independent thought, muddleheadedness a condition precedent to, 42
[India, 78]
Individual, when does (he) begin to be prized, 102; powers of, are unique and unpredictable, 126
Individual profit too limited to serve as foundation for stable society, 227
Individuality more pronounced in Europe, 62
Industrial Age, we might have had (it) in the time of Archimedes, 187
Inert ideas, 136
Infinite, relationship between the finite and the, 134
Infinite possibilities are actualities, 111
Infinite potentialities of human beings, 128
Infinite series, we are part of, 193
Infinitely vast, [joke:] no difference between the infinitely small and the, 174
Inherit the idea without inheriting the fervour, 207
Insomnia, tussle with, 13
Institutions run their course, 41
Instruction, Platonic method of, 11
Instruments of a greater force than ourselves, we are being used as, 295
Intellect is to emotion as our clothes are to our bodies, 188
Intellectual enlightenment, artisans seeking, 14
Intellectualizing upon a religion, trouble from, 155
Intellectuals do not speak for the country, 88
Intelligence and ability, distinction between, 113
Intelligence congealing into too-good teaching, 56
Internal industrial activities, true prosperity of a country derived from, 226 [Note: is this mercantilism, or something? As always, no sources]
Interpreters of Christianity, the trouble with, 144
Intimate letters, truer picture of a period from, 43
Intuition, necessary to a good experiment, 121; an angel-intellect, the devil, 162
Inventions, whether the modern world is at the mercy of its, 122 [American role was to popularize, not invent (though only example is car) 49]
[Irish, inc Mrs Whitehead, 73, 95]
Irony, defined, 213; Strachey's, 214; Santayana's, 214; Socratic, 215; tragic, 216
Irreverence, necessity of, 55
Italian tomb, 31
JACOBINISM, 111
Japan, discussion on, 253 [and treaty ports i.e. presumably including Hong Kong, Chinese Communism, Pacific, Singapore, Korea, Pacific..]
James, Henry, 33, 102; The Ambassadors, 21
James, William, 15, 70, 96, 153, 271-2; description of Cambridge (Mass.) home and study of, 256-7 [though his study had been 'tidied' to look neat]; an affable archangel, 258; portrait of, 260; Varieties of Religious Experience, 271. [Price 'saw' him, 258]
Jargon of thinking gets in the way of thought, 51
['Jazz decade' of the 1920s after which young people got serious - cp Dora Russell, 70]
Jebb, Sir Richard, 183, 272
[JEPD elements in Old Testament, 29, 265]
Jesuit order, 138
Jesus, was one of those winning persons, 53; no evidence Paul ever saw, 53; was not very intellectual, 155 Jew, brilliancy of the young, 92 Jewish comedians funniest people on earth, 53
Jews, 98, 162, 207; singularly humourless, 53; young, beat us all hollow, 65; characteristics and achievements of, 92-3; are ablest of any race, 147; in England, Spain and America, 227. See also Hebrews
[Jews, greatest achievement, writing the Bible, but they get no credit as they say it's dictated by God 93]
Johnson, Samuel, 87
Joke, is funny if you think it is, 47; truly religious persons fond of a, 55
Journalists, Hippocratic Oath for, 211
[Jowett, 51]
Julian, Emperor, 285
KINGDOMS, "small (German), destined to disappear," 43
King's Chapel religion, 33
King's College, 193
Kittredge, George Lyman, 47, 122
Knowledge wedded to action, 141
[Labour Government of post-WW2, election of, 287]
[Labour Party, Joke: ANW thinks led by workers, 41]
LAKE KIRSOPP, 144
Landscape, wooden houses fitted into, 29
Language, gap between written and spoken, 179; imprecision of, 264; inadequacy to express our conscious thought, 295
Latin, as historical record of governing peoples with maritime power, 11; ammunition for the defense of, [relative to requirement for BA in Harvard] 52; Elizabeth I's counterblast in, 63 Latin grammar, 248
Laughter, 285-6; and Greeks, 30, 98; keep the balance true by, 55; is there, in heaven, 285
Laws of nature, why talk about, 278
Layman, "I write for the," 110
Learning and practical life, co-ordination between, 94
[Lee went to Westpoint; but Grant was unpredictable, 101 - cp with Arabs only being taught the 'flanking attack' as I heard at Loughborough]
Leibniz, Gottfried, 186
Leisure came to people unschooled, 50
Lenin, Nikolai, 220, 233
Letters, [joke:] women write (them) better than men, [43,] 282
Liberal, specific forecast of events by a, 44
Liberal education, plight in wartime of, 201
[liberals, American, i.e. social reformers, 89 - Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, ?Brand Whitlock, ?Newton Baker, ?Tom Johnson of Cleveland, & journalists: Ida Tarbell, Ray Stannard Baker, Lincoln Steffens]
Liberty, where does the concept of, first arise, 102 [and discussion 'without much agreement']
Life, in America looks not back but forward, 51; how did (it) come into being, 158; meaning of, is adventure, 206
Light that can shine in obscurity, 10
Literacy and average comfort, diffusion of, major achievements in human history, 49-50 [Joke: in USA. Whitehead slips evasively between 'diffusion of literacy' and comfort]
[Literacy: c 1890 taken for granted masses illiterate, says ANW - but cp BR on disgracefulness. 95]
Literature, must be believable, 9; something backward-looking in universities dealing with, 56; what constitutes the survival value of, 268 [& theory to do with social change - which perhaps C P Snow pinched]
Livingstone, Sir Richard, 105, 112, 192; The Future in Education, 136; vice-chancellor of Oxford, 240, 245; [The Greek Genius, 1911]; lectures, delivered at Toronto by, 262; On Education, 262; (his) arrival and visit to Whitehead after WW2, 275-288; [cp piece of Peace, Aristophanes, with Dingley Dell of Dickens]
Livy, 64
Locke, John, 217
Logic-tight compartments, 33
London, Whitehead in, 9, 13
London University, Whitehead at, 13, 114
"Loud voice, bold face, and a bad temper," 29
Low Countries transmitters of the Renaissance, 45
Lowell, Abbot Lawrence, 14, 93-5 [what he did], 118, 119, 123, 208 [195 describes house of his parents]
Lower common denominator, leveling down to, 59
Lower orders, Christianity came into Europe through the, 54
Luck, element in lives of, 41, 198
Lucretius, 222-3
Luther, Martin, 192, 224
MACARTHUR, DOUGLAS, 287
Macauley, [sic; Macaulay in text] Thomas B., 282
Machiavelli, Niccolò. 201; wrote the rules for a short-term success, 106
Machine publicity, reputations made by, 39
Major Barbara (Shaw), 17
Majority, tyranny of, 103
Mankind has not advanced morally for the past two thousand years, 241
Man's best thinking done in the country, 62
Marconi, Guglielmo, 230
Maritime power, Latin and Greek as historical records of governing peoples who exerted, 11
Marius, 103
Marx, Karl, 220
Mass misery, task of democracy to relieve, 80
Mass of people determines the general direction of society, 101
Massachusetts an Indian name; 30
Mathematical ideas made possible the modern world, 252
Mathematician interested in general ideas, 263
Mathematics, advance between 1700 and 1900 of, [potted history] 60; man's earlier discoveries in, 60; equipped scientists with a complex medium, 60-1; does not give us any account of actuality, 175; must be studied . philosophy should be discussed, 264; in a thousand years may be as commonly used a language as is speech today, 295
[Medical profession, long training & low pay early, though ANW etc don't consider the reason 70]
Medical profession, vitality of thought in, 135
Medieval medicine, tortures (it) inflicted, 137
Memoirs, France and England, 282 [this is Mrs W.]
Memory, the world of, a black mirror, 160
Men, why do (they) make better teachers than women, 184
Mental labor, how long a man can sustain (it) effectually, 121
Meredith, George, 102, 183, 185, 259, 281, 292 [and his character, in several novels, based on Janet Duff-Gordon Ross, 44]
Methodism, English, 111
Mexico, incident with, 97
[Michelangelo, 26, 79 as representing end of an epoch according to ANW]
Middle Ages, Oxford and Cambridge returning more nearly to their function in, 280
Middle class, has made a sorry fist, not really superior people, 57; divides into two groups, 57
Middle West (American), only place where another great flowering of European culture might come, 55; civilization on a grand scale in, 61; a self-selected stock in, 62
Milton, John, 296 [Joke: 'knew too much'; also, somewhere he's stated to mark the end of an epoch]
Minds don't classify, 42
Mischances as trivial, 30
Modern industrial civilization, higher education in, 14
Modern needs, readjustment of the traditional classic molds to, is wanted, 107
Modern science and technology, everything necessary for, existed in the time of Archimedes, 252
Modern weapons rendered all previous forms of warfare as obsolete as fists, 294
Modes of Thought (Whitehead), 15
[monarchy, British, 249]
Monasteries, instrumentality of the, 41 ["for 1,000 years of intellectual work" after 'St. Benedict']
Moral education impossible without the habitual vision greatness, 244
Moral ideas, appear before man, 158-9; are affected by these floods of change, 237
Morality [joke:] is what the majority like, 145
Morals have nothing to do good poetry, 235
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 24
Moses in a vacuum, 242 [no dates given in reference book, as ANW finds when he looks in Encyclopedia Britannica]
Motley, John Lothrop, 99 [American relation of, who also wrote history - of what sounds like poor quality stuff]
Mozart, Wolfgang 250
Muddle-headedness is a condition precedent to independent thought, 42
Münsterberg, Hugo, 15 [philosopher]
Murray, Gilbert, 40, 120, Tradition and Progress, 226
Music, and poetry lend themselves to brilliant work by young persons, 66; surprises the ear by the unexpected interval, 115; revivifies the whole nature, 116; as a mathematics of aesthetic, 188 [sic; in fact this passage is about emotions, which Whitehead thought were spoken to directly by music - perhaps like Noel Coward?]; comes before religion, 250; speaks directly to the emotions, 250
[Musicians: Note: education: many of the best were outside institutions, and had little formal instruction; or so someone claims! 200]
Mussolini, Benito, 201 [AFTER his fall. Any comments earlier aren't recorded..]
Mysticism, 135
Myths, come before general ideas, 192, 217; Americans creating (them) now, 217
NAMING AVENUES, 119
Napoleon, 233, 234
[National Gallery man who moved to USA, 87,90]
Nature, forces of, in themselves neither good nor bad, 158
Nazidom in its honeymoon, 65
Negro problem in United States, 227 [ANW says slavery was "fearfully short-sighted."]
New England, 45; nineteenth century one of the world's great ages in, 141
New England gentlewoman, 34
New techniques, created a situation absolutely unprecedented, 236; effects of, are interactive, 236
New Testament, interpreters of, 111
New Testament Greek beneath contempt, 51
New Yorker, The, 157
Newman, John Henry, Nature of University Education, 284
News, nobody knows what (it) is until a hundred years afterward, 176
Newspaper headlines are billboards, 39; [scares 82 even unnerve old hand Price, until he rereads]
Newspapers, American and British, 23, 279; set before readers their responsibility for maintaining the social system, 211
Newton, Sir Isaac, 12, 229, Principia, 277
Newtonian physics demolished, [sic] 243, 277 [& 109-10, 244; ANW seems much affected by this, at least nominally]
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 137, Antichrist, 212
Nineteenth century, 1859 a climax of, 100
Nonresistance, 77; [increases brutality of some, 78, a topic the Whiteheads preferred not to discuss.]
Nordics of the late-blooming variety, 65
Norsemen heavy drinkers, 48
"Nothing too much" 120
Novels, [not taught them, 248]; [joke:] women write (them) better than men, 281
Novelty, element of, makes the difference between man and animals, 133; entertain every prospect of, 229
[Nuclear war, of course with 'Russia', 293; "only the appearance of half a dozen eminent men" who "appear in our midst and cannot at once be identified" can stop it.]
Nursery rhymes of antiquity, 156-7
OLD, "don't cling to the," 46
Old conceptions, generalize and give (them) a liberal turn, 192
Old Testament, 265
Old Testament man, 9
Order of Merit awarded to Whitehead, 245, 258-260, 261 [and 269; the presentation to ANW, in America, in 1945, is described; along with the names of some other recipients.]
Oriental despot, figure of, an insult to God, 224
Origination, power of, 133; man's capacity for, 142
Oxford University, 25, 45; a high level of mediocrity at, 42; returning more nearly to its function in the Middle Ages, [i.e. joke: "educating gifted boys of the poorer classes"] 280; is sociological, 284; [despite teaching 'humanities', Cambridge, which Joke: ANW believed concentrated on maths, produced twice as many poets, 25, 42; ceremony with 'pokers', 288]
PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE Of polite learning, 56
Past, sense in England of, 169
Past centuries, living voices of, 10
"Pastlessness" in America, 169
Paul, Saint, 111; no evidence that (he) ever saw Jesus, 53; [& ANW's view that 'like a don' he explained what must have happened]; (his) idea of God is the idea of the devil, 155; the man who distorted and subverted Christ's teaching was, 247
Pavlov, Ivan, 6869
People, far more learned from, than from books, 295
Perfection just precedes a change, 49
Periclean Age, Whitehead a figure of, 22
Pericles, 37, 102; the Bible should have closed with the Funeral Speech of, 22
Perry, Bliss, 115, 122, 224
Perry, Ralph Barton, 47 [& 52]
Persecute, better to pacify than to, 216
Persecuting temper, the, 77
Persecution, more harm than heresy 117; may be a complete political success, 226 [sc. in the short term, Protestants & Jews in Spain example by Murray]
Personal destinies, where (they) are decided, 158
[Philippines & governor general, 46]
Phillips, William, 194
Philosopher, what it means to be a, 22; what (he) should do, 110; conditioned by what is or is not known in the time when he lives, 186
Philosophers are kings already, 245
Philosophic adventure, death of, 12
Philosophies, need for (them) to be rethought, 110
[Philosophy education in USA sounds just like in UK then and now; i.e. tour through 'great men' 186]
Philosophy, "my (Whitehead's) writings on, were all after I came to this country," 263; should be discussed.mathematics must be studied, 264
Physical personality, overtones from, 154
Pinero, Sir Arthur Wing, the Second Mrs. Tanqueray, 39 [and its failure on revival, and indeed ridicule, it's implied]
[Pitt, younger: "should have let continental dynasties fall.. biggest mistake.." i.e. not fight Napoleon 84, 87]
[Plantagenet Kings' French provinces over the channel, 45]
Plato, 64, 112, 134, 139, 150, 152, 177, 187; Republic, 17; an unparalleled genius, 110; speaking of "the receptacle," 134; union of (his) God with a God of the universe, 178; Theaetetus, 177; Dialogues, 216, 243, 277; not much "system" in, 246; mathematics of, 252; was one man in the ancient world who would not have been surprised at what has happened, 276; vagueness of, 276-7
Platonic method of instruction 11
Pliny the Younger, 216 n.
Plumber in a Vermont village [Joke: working class person who knew things; who interested Mrs W.] 168-9
Poetry, science hostile to, 27; lends itself to brilliant work by young persons, 66; in, is a fragrance of experience, 160; morals have nothing to do with good, 235; knowledge and, 296
Poet's rewards, question of a 104
Polite learning, passive acceptance of, 56
Political myth is to safeguard the lot of the common man, 217
Political opposition, how the English manage, 118
Posterity, bequeathing to, a changed form of society, 123; what (it) really wants to know, 151
Power States, 36
Precipitates, a series of, 45
Precocity, specimens of, 66 [Seems mostly a euphemism for Jews; 65; 92]
Priesthood, when (it) becomes dominant in a society, freedom of inquiry is discouraged, 231
Print, damaging effect of, 140
Prism, his thinking is a, 19
Process and Reality (Whitehead), 15, 290, 291
Process is itself the actuality, 173
Professional crusaders, 92
[Profit, individual, too limited a motive for stable society; and .. immediate advantage of any single nation.." 227]
Prohibition, 170
Prose fiction, why nineteenth century England should have been favourable to writers of, 102
Protestant sectarianism branches of, 33
Protestant sects, mistake they make, 130
Protestantism in America, 54
Protestants, people brought up as, who then embrace Catholicism, 252
Provincial in time, men can be, 46
Prying into minds, craze for, 32
Published works, never liked to be quizzed about, 21
[Publishing in England: more compact country, concentrated leadership, allows better taste, permits less 'hype' not his word, 59]
QUIRKS, people with, 125
RACES, fusing of, 231
Racial mixtures, [joke:] best civilizations come from, 133
Radiation, phenomena of, 12
Railway came at exactly right moment in America, 122
Raleigh, Walter, 296
[Ramsgate 272, 279; ANW's father's church there described, 292]
Rand, Edward Kennard, 52
Ranting and wandering from the point, 29
Reading, speed of, 140
"Receptacle," Plato speaking of, 134
[Reference books; Encyclopedia Britannica and Who's Who, and I think atlas, and 124-5 A Brief Biographical Dictionary, referred to as though very popular with ANW]
[Reform Bill 1830 & Middle Classes, 74, not considerate of poor, unlike aristocracy]
Reformation one of most colossal failures in history, 234, ["a disaster"] 249
Regimentation an utterance of the undermen, 69 [Whitehead in fact says that Nazism, under a house-painter, seems like a revolt of the unintelligent]
Religion, [and two sorts of people, 77]; of one God, if that, 96; problem in, to link finitude to infinitude, 112; always element of brutality in, 132; resisted new ideas and suffered, 176; as means of keeping order, 207; cannot exist without music, 249
Religious experience, lacks something which is found in artistic expression, 54; emotions aroused but not satisfied by, 55
Religious founders, how many, take their rise about in the fifth century B.C., 242
Religious persons [joke] fond of a joke, 55
Religious services, two most impressive, 131
Renaissance, 26; Low Countries transmitters of, 45; backward-looking traditionalism came in at, 51
Reputations made by machine publicity, 39
Research, abuse of, 106 [Burnet, 1904, complains the word is abused - perhaps the first, certainly not the last to say that..]
Research scholars, students qualified to become, are few, 95
Retirement, custom of enforced, idiotic, because after he is sixty, a man often finds new ways to use what he already knows, 256
Revolutions, real destructiveness of, in displacement of people who carry on the minor services, 273
[Rich invent things [Note: cp opposite theory, adopted by some supposed leftists] the poor use theory, a bit like 'trickle down', 81]
Rigid dogma destroys truth, 138
Rigid system, anxieties lest (one) be imposed on mankind, 206
Rolland, Romain, Jean-Christophe, 111 [dislike of Bible readers - i.e. both English and Germans]
Roman Catholic Church, generally found resisting change, 107 [and on side of fascists]
Roman Empire, 222; the bottle-neck through which culture of ancient world passed into Northern Europe was, 166 Roman numerals. were clumsy, 60
Roman period of the Civil Wars, 127 [this may be the same as the period of 'terrific duels' - Marius & Sulla, Caesar & Pompey, Antony & Augustus, 103]
Romans, 98, 103; not yet bored with their civilization, 103
Rome, Augustus saved (it) from Romans, 133
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 232; compared with Augustus Caesar, 35; state of funk over, 40
Roosevelt-haters, a carnival for, 228
Routine repetition, men might sink into mere, 241
Royal manners in the eighteenth century, 35
Royce, Josiah, 15
Russell, Bertrand, 149
Russia, 68-9, 294; aims of contemporary, 220: accomplishments of, [and bad press in US until fraternal embrace in 1944; greatness of, only in 20th century; and Lenin, revolted aristocrat; & Stalin] 233
Russian novelists, 220, 233; comparison with English, 185
[Sacco and Vanzetti, 92]
SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI, 144-145
[Saint-Saëns 'Danse Macabre' played which steals scene in Ibsen 188]
Salon in the eighteenth-century French meaning, 15
Salvation Army, upper-class, 32
[Samuelson, Paul, Jewish economist, 'handsome, blond young fellow', of whom ANW was obviously proud and fond, 122]
Santayana, George, 15, 214; Persons and Places, 213; irony of, 215; philosophy of, 215
Satire is the soured milk of human kindness, 30
Satirical biography, 26
Saturday Club, 189, 190, 251
Sceptics and scientists the leading dogmatists, 12
Schiller, Johann, 105
Scholar in twentieth century, 63
Scholars, hounding of, one of symptoms of social decay, 68; timidity of, 106
Scholarship can ask itself three questions, 65
Science, hostile to poetry, 27; why has (it) kept advancing with such strides since 1900, [one reason is mathematics; cp Bondi on technology] 60; effect on our world, 276; abolished slavery, 276; ["Aristotle discovered the necessary half-truths" 186, 276]
Science and humanism balance in Whitehead, 11
Science and the Modern World (Whitehead), 15, 219; how (it) was written, 11, 123-4
Scientific revolution in the past fifty years, 176
Scientists, and sceptics the leading dogmatists, 12; many are little more than technicians, 61; are naïve, 143
Sculpture was the principal art of the ancient world, 238
Second-rate men can follow assigned procedures, 61
Semites and the Hellenes, to what extent (they) re-expressed ideas which were generally current, 266
Senses no reliable testimony to the outside world, 173
Sepulchre of famous men, the earth is, 22
Seventeenth century, vivid people drawn off by emigration in the, 84; compared with eighteenth century, 87
Sex-confession the selling-point of Buchmanism, 32
Shakespeare, William, 102, 296 don't believe (he) ever had to grope for a word, 63; [slang theory, 72; German cp. of his nationalism with Wagner, 81; Prof Livingston Lowes identified borrowings from Plutarch, Holinshed, 122]
[Shapley, Harlow, astronomer 195]
Shark competitors, 38
Shaw, George Bernard, Major Barbara, 17, 158
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 11, 27 217
Sherborne, Whitehead at, 10-11, 199, 221
Sibelius, 44
Sight, the idea communicates the emotion with the sense of, 188
"Silly question" is the first intimation of some novel development, 145
Sin, sense of, the worst blight 79
Single mind to grasp the sum of human knowledge, 120
Sit-down strike in Michigan, 75
[Slav soul cp a Russell essay, or what looks like it, though now shrunk to Finland etc, 45]
Slum-clearance, 28
Smallest pebble might contain within it a universe, 278
Smith, Adam, 223
Smith, Logan Pearsall, 214
Social breakup, is it possible for people to grasp the fact of; major, 191
Social conditions for a great age must be present but it needs a powerful personality to set it going, 88
Social decay, hounding the scholars one of the symptoms of, 68
Social life, sense of the immense range and variety of, 28
Social literature, conventional, 9; that tumbles overboard, 268
Social stability, one of the prerequisites of ethical behaviour is, 213
Social system, active and static (systems) distinguished between, 178; responsibility for continuance of, absent from Christianity, 212
[Socialism nowhere mentioned, though the municipal variety or something like it is described by ANW 75-76]
Society, mass of people determines general direction of, 101; bequeathing to posterity a changed form of, 123; how to keep (it) from stagnation, 133; prospers best which can provide conditions necessary for artists, 134; means association with people of congenial minds, 183; run on strictly Christian principles could not survive, 2!2
Socratic irony, 215
Solemn sound, one of mankind's earliest emotions was in response to a, 251
Sophocles, 63, 215
Sound, emotion communicates the idea with, 188
[South America, Germany causing trouble in, 232]
[Spain and Jews etc 83]
Spain in sixteenth century, 226 [".. gold.. ruined Spain in.. about two lifetimes"]
Speed of change is what is new, 236
Speed of reading, 140
Spencer, Theodore, 99, 100, 101
Spheres of influence, 267
Spinoza, Baruch, 186
Spontaneous conversation should follow the argument [joke: cp reaction to Price when he talks of brutalities in India & of slavery] where it leads, 18
Stagnation of thought one of the pitfalls of mankind, 252
Stalin, 220, 233
State, function of, to provide conditions of tranquillity, 97
State papers, what have (they) to do with history, 24
State universities, what is being done at big, 94
Statesmanship and specialized learning, 178
Statesmen, whether men of exceptional intellect are successes as, 165; three times when (they) took control of historic destinies, 166 Static religions are the death of thought, 231
Static social system, distinguished between an active and a, 178
Stimson, Frederick, My United States, 40
Strachey, Lytton, 26, 172, 214, 283; on prophets, 29, 30; on Jane Austen, 30; (his) irony, 214
Students, English and American, compared, 24-25; qualified to become research scholars are few, 95; American, 279, 280
Swallow, never, anything whole, 243
Symphonic orchestration imported to America at the peak of its complexities, 66
Synoptic gospels, 58
[Synge; the Ws were impressed by his talk, "hugged themselves" that they hadn't had to be told that he was extraordinary, 91]
TACITUS, 98 [and Domitian]
Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury, ["should have been Prime Minister"] 293
Talent, how to identify, 65; and genius depressed by diffused opportunity, 219
Talents, a career open to, 78
Taylors,' the Henry Osborn, funds for Whitehead's professorship at Harvard, 14
Teaching may be too good, 25
[Teaching, men are much better than women, says Mrs W 184]
Technique, a theory on relation to art of, 84; merely aids creation, 134
Technologies, new, fallen into the hands of gangsters, 166
Technology, new, destroys half of an old society, 122
Teetotalism, example of, 13
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 219; Holy Grail, In Memoriam, Passing of Arthur, 219; [joke: AW means Victorian England:] was a great poet with a mediocre subject, 219
Terminology, new, for your own concepts, 110
Tests, applying the stomach pump, 70
Text, how authentic is this, 19
Textual criticism, value used up of, 106; of the classics done for, 127
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 28, 198, 281 [wrote only about one class, of which he wasn't even a member?]
Theatre, outspokenness of the, 39
Themes run through these dialogues, 19
Theological disaster of Christianity, 145
Theological library, sizable, 13
Theology, Whitehead read a great many books on, [when young] 13, 125 [sold them after about eight years to Cambrige booksleer]
"They must look well in print," 43
Thinking (Whitehead's) is a prism, 19
Thirty, basic ideas of a man's lifework may be well in his mind by the time he is, 241
Thought, how to keep (it) from freezing, 114; how to keep (it) active, 121; overturn in the established modes of, in this past half century, 176
Thousandth idea may be the one that will change the world, 230
Three distinct lives in this single span, 109
Thucydides, 225
Time, men can be provincial in, 46; the habit of measuring by the ridiculously inadequate yardsticks of our consciousness of, 265
Tolerance, unless there is something to tolerate there is no, 76
Toynbee, Arnold, 222
Tradition, perpetuate a, and lose the spirit of (it), 42
Traditionalism, backward-looking, came in at the Renaissance, 51
Tragic irony, 215
Trajan, Emperor, 216
Tranquil centuries, little culturally to show for, 127
Tranquillity, function of the state to provide conditions of, 97; periods of, seldom prolific of creative achievement, 127
Transmission of acquired characteristics, Darwin's dismissal of, is lapse, 229
Trinity College, Cambridge, Whitehead at, 11, [description of portraits of founder etc in the 'combination room'] 63, 114, 193
[Trojan Women 36/ cp with Belgian Women discreetly hidden from German ?ambassador. Joke: Vietnamese women?]
Trollope, Anthony, 9, 185, 281
Trotsky, Leon, 220, 233
Trust funds, fortunes tied up in, 40 [this is Stimson writing on Boston in his autobiography c 1931, 'My United States'; cp Russell noting much the same about east coasters waiting for their parents to die.]
Truths, all, are half-truths, 19
Tudor England, [joke:] immense vigor pervaded the whole of, 63
Tudor monarchs, intellectual drill of, 63
Twentieth century, you have the scholar and drop the gentlemen in the, 63
Typewriting machine, whether (it) would worsen English prose, 149
UNCONSCIOUS MEDITATIONS and translation into speech, no one knows the connection be tween, 104
Underdog, how life may be well lived even though an, 53
Uneducated persons, superiority of, 101
Unintelligent, a revolt of the, 68
Unitarians come the nearest to having found a way to adapt the Christian ideas to the world we live in, 286
United States, parent of free government, 9-10; [joke:] has finest society on a grand scale that the world has thus far produced, 129 [Joke: ".. only country in the world where this could happen.." of what sounds like some hack academic 41]
Universal education in America, 201 [if it's undertaken, what should it be like? ANW speculates]
Universities, how long will our, keep their edge, 42; something backward-looking in (those) dealing with literature, 56; now having a great period, 106; civilization could scarcely be carried on without, 140
University Hall, Faculty Room (Harvard), 258, 259
University lecturers learning from eager youth, 209
University [Joke:] scholars at Chicago most like Greece, 50-1
[University statutes at Cambridge changed (possibly this was Sedgwick?) 283, resulting in "Year of Thirty Brides" of which EW was one. ANW says 30 or 40.]
Unschooled people, feeling for beauty more true in, 55
Upheaval, ages of, favourable to creation, 26
[Urbanization: ANW says small towns etc have produced more. His countryside ethic reminds me of BR's 62]
VARUS, Roman general, 103
Victoria, Queen, 249, 288
Victorian Age, how the future will rank, 218
Victory, the habit of, 22
[Village school, ANW's father ran it, "stiffest opposition.." 95-6]
Vivid people, keep moving on, 46; drawn off by emigration in the seventeenth century, 84
Voltaire, 87
[voodoo, 71]
WADE, EVELYN, (her) marriage to Whitehead, 13. See also
Whitehead, Evelyn
Wagner, Richard, 59, 64-5, 81, 184, 185, 251; (his) music had a lot to do with the mischief in Germany, 64
[Walls in Whiteheads' apartment were black, 86]
War, disenchantment with the, 50; of such magnitude, inaugurating a new epoch, 232; (its) effects on moral depth of young men in uniform, 239; end of, 274
Warfare, modern weapons rendered all previous forms of, as obsolete as fists, 294
Wealth, families with, are free to experiment, 80
Weeks, Edward, 164-179
Well-read man, 140
[Wells, Carolyn, wrote 'ballade' with refrain 'They must look well in print!' apparently of letters sent by authors.]
Wesley, John, 88; was a man of spiritual insight coupled with great organizing ability, 111
[Wheel, invention of; ANW states this was a result of watching stars rotate, 60. He doesn't explain why e.g. in central America stargazers didn't..]
Whitehead, Alfred (father), 191; an Old Testament man,
Whitehead, Alfred North, passim; (his) three distinct lives (Cambridge, London and Harvard), 9, 109; early life, 9-11; heredity and mixture of his stock, 10, 229; classical training at Sherborne, 111 181, 199, 221; balance between science and humanism in, 11: at Cambridge University, 11-13, 193, 198, 203. 210, 263, 265; abstemiousness of, 13, 21; at London University, 13, 199; invitation to and arrival at Harvard University, 14-15; "Evenings at the Whiteheads'," 15; needed contact with young minds, 15; meeting and conversations with Lucien Price, 15-18; explanation of method, themes and authenticity of text in these dialogues, 18-20; retires and becomes professor emeritus, 21-22, 86; never liked to be quizzed about his published works, 21; his battle was on higher ground, 22; habit of victory, 22; a figure of the Periclean Age, 22; [his education was all free, Note: smugness: ANW draws no conclusions from this, 78]; at Harvard's Tercentenary, 110, 116, 121; a Democrat.a Roosevelt man, 171; enjoyment of Beethoven, 187: awarded Order of Merit, 245, 258-260; was taught Greek grammar out of a Latin grammar, 248; portrait by Hopkinson, 257, 271, 274; "my writings on philosophy were all after I came to this country," 263; photographs of, 269-70; his reminiscences of young married life, 272-3, 283-4; reminiscences of his education, 277; establishment of Alfred North Whitehead Scholarship, 289-90; omnibus edition of his works planned, 290-2; early years, reminiscences of "Bleak House" and Ramsgate, 292-3; death, 298 Works: Adventures of Ideas, 15, 110 [written for laymen], 173; Aims of Education, 112, 116, 131, 136, 263, 291; "An Appeal to Sanity," 91, 96, 97; Modes of Thought, 15; Process and Reality, 15, 290, 291; Science and the Modern World, 15, 123, 219; how (he) wrote it, 11, 123-4; The Wit and Wisdom of Whitehead, 292
Whitehead, Eric (grandson), 38
Whitehead, Eric (son), killed in World War I, 14, 23, 237
Whitehead, Evelyn Wade (Mrs. Alfred North), passim; their marriage and early life together, 13, 15, 19, 21; heart attack, 27; operation, 289; her description of his death, 298. See also Wade, Evelyn. [on 'musical trash', 250] [Why she liked 'education', as telling her what to think (cp Drabble) 295]
Whitehead, Jessie (daughter), 27; in Foreign Office, 14
Whitehead, Margot (daughter-in-law, Mrs. North Whitehead), 38; death, 289
Whitehead, North (son), 47; in World War I, 14; in London, World War II, 21
Whitehead, Sheila (granddaughter), 67
Whither bound, a sense of, 27
Whitman, Walt, 236; one of the few very great poets, 24
Who's Who, "I would certainly take (it) on that desert island," 241
[women in Cambridge; account of a don ignoring Mrs W, 283]
Whychelow, Jane (Whitehead's grandmother's housekeeper), 10, 248
Wilson, Woodrow, 97 [and Mexico incident 1914]
Winchester (College) boys are a selected group, [account of Greek] 25
"Wine line," the, 48
Wit and Wisdom of Whitehead, The, 292
Women, granting degrees;to, 88; are conventionalized by the sameness of their education in America, 196; most successful, were in the eighteenth century, 196; write better novels than men, 281; write better letters than men, 282
Wooden houses fitted into landscape, 29
Words, "I do not think in, I begin with concepts," 124; people compose in (them) or in concepts, 149; do not express our deepest intuitions, 238; difficulty of communication in, 271
Wordsworth, Dorothy, 30
Wordsworth, William, 11
World, calloused by years of mass slaughter, 97; if (it) has ever had suffering on such an enormous scale, 108
World War I, Whitehead's children in, 14; seventeenth anniversary of United States entry into, (on Good Friday, April 6), 23
World War II, 108; impact on Whiteheads of, 21
World wars have destroyed Europe and liberated America, 142
Worth, awareness of, in human beings, 238
Writers don't know enough, 25
Writing, took two thousand years to make its effect, 126; brings out comparatively superficial experiences, 152
Written word is comparatively superficial, 153
YANKEE CLIPPER SHIPS, 49
Yankee upper classes (Boston) are at the mercy of people who feel no loyalty towards them or their institutions, 58
Yankees don't mix, 95
Year of the Thirty Brides, 283
Yeats, William Butler, 90-1 [and the Abbey Theatre]
Young, general ethical code invaluable to teach the, 130
Young men, at their best, 92, in uniform dying for the worth of the world, 239
Young minds, Whitehead needed contact with, 15
Young persons, music and poetry lend themselves to brilliant work by, 66
Youth and its elders, cleavage between, 59
ZEALOT, defense of the, 244
[Zimmern, 66]
Zinsser, Dr. Hans, 227
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