• Rather odd book; why was it written? One feels from the references to things like 'labelling theory' and 'interactionist or transactionist approach' and pompous 'theories' and large bibliography, including books by people like Jeff Nuttall and C Booker, that he wants to parade his reading. Or perhaps he wants to criticise the media; if so, why not mention that in the title? Or perhaps to show his detached intelligence, and separateness from people like the authoritarian 'moral entrepreneur' (incidentally with a cliché collection noted on my PC) and various magistrates and people who wrote to the local papers, and of course the police? A tiresome aspect is that it remains somewhat unclear what the Mods and Rockers—insofar as they ever really existed—did. Cohen never quite says they were a complete myth, but can't quite seem able to squarely describe them. I think this confusion helps explain the obscure publisher—Martin Robertson & Co, Oxford. ['Academic and Social Sciences.. Parent company Basil Blackwell']

• xxiii: [Media studies:] '.. industrial conflict, the 1972-3 'mugging' panic and on crime reporting—each of which has contributed to building up media theory.'
• xxvii: [Levi-Strauss dealing 'in a most moving and sympathetic way with the equivalent contradictions faced by the anthropologist who is a stern cultural critic at home but a conformist abroad. The value which he attaches to 'foreign societies' (read: subcultures): '.. is a function of his disdain for and occasional hostility towards the customs prevailing in his own native setting. ..''

• FULL INDEX [GENERAL followed by AUTHOR INDEX] Cohen, .. Moral Panics

Aberfan, 29, 40
Absolute Beginners (Macinnes), 184
action group, 120, 207
      moral entrepreneurs within, 124-5, 127
      and social control, 85, 118, 119-27
affluence, postwar theme of, 178-9
      putative imagery of, 33, 35, 57, 67
age, determining differences in reaction, 70-2
ambiguity, group's uncertainty about self, 192
      and hostility, 193
      need for reduction in, 50
amplification, see deviation amplification
aspiration, youth culture shaping, 181.2
attitude, shaping of, 49
      themes, 49.64
attribution, spurious, 54.7, 67, 108, 165
audience, see spectator
authoritarian personality syndrome, 132

bail, magistrates' attitude to, 103
banishment, as sanction, 116
Bank Holiday, as setting, 28
beatnik, 150, 193
      attitude to, 197
      effect of sensitization, 84.5
belief systems, and action groups, 120
      and legislation, 137
      operation of social control, 105.6
      Smelser's notions of, 49, 78
biography, and delinquency theory, v, xviii-xxii
Birmingham Post, 52
blacks, and subculture theory, xv, xxi-xxii
boredom, as causal concept, 64-5
      as dominant feeling of crowd, 151.2
'boundary crisis', Erikson's notion of, 192.3
Bournemouth, 37
Brando, Marlon, 183
bricolage, xii, xvi
Brighton, 28, 31.2, 36, 42 et passim
      cost of damage, 37
      Court sentences, 101, 103, 107
      data sample, 207.9
      perception of Mods and Rockers, 195.6
      police control tactics, 93, 94-5, 96, 97.9
      police overtime costs, 92
      warning phase, 146
Brighton Archways Venture, 196, 207
Brighton & Hove Gazette, 84, 146
Brighton & Hove Herald, 71, 100
Brighton Rock (Greene), 28

cabalism, 63, 148, 166
causation, Mods and Rockers behaviour, 61.5
      moral entrepreneurs' perception of, 131.2
Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (University of Birmingham), xxiii-xxiv
ceremony, Mods and Rockers
      events viewed as, 159.60
character traits, spurious attribution of, 54.7
Chicago school, iii
Civil Liberties, National Council of (NCCL), 97, 99, 104, 206
Clacton, 29, 35, 36, 39 et passim
      cost of damage, 37
      distortion, 136
      drug usage, 134.5
      prevention methods, 174.5
      reactions of residents, 114-15
      symbolization, 40
class, pervasiveness of, vi
      putative imagery of classlessness, 35.6, 57, 67
      reaction to Mods and Rockers, 73
      and style, xix-xx
      and youth culture, xxvii, 182
      see also working class
Clean Up TV Campaign, 120
cognitive dissonance theory, 60
collective behaviour, 19.20
commercialization, xii, 115-16
community, destruction of working-class, vii
consciousness, and delinquency xiii-xiv
      of status frustration, vi
consensual model, 75.6
consumer goods, and teenage exploitation 139.40, 179
      see also commercialization
consumption, vii, 163, 179
contagion, 20, 163, 164
control agents, and creation of deviance, 166.8, 176
      polarization, 169.72, 176
      see also action groups, law courts, police
control culture, creation of exclusive, 111-38
      law courts, 101-10, 172
      police, 91-101
control tactics, and harassment, 93.9
      police, 93.6, 166.7
courts, see law courts
crowd, dominant features of, 149.58
      effect of police action on, 169-70
      effect of rumour on, 155.6
      sources of solidification, 169-71
crowd control, 166.72 see also control tactics
Crowd, The (Le Bon), 20
culture, and delinquency theory, v, ix-xviii

Daily Express, 30, 32, 36, 39, 110
Daily Herald, 42
Daily Mail, 54, 57, 81, 110
Daily Mirror, 30, 31, 39, 42, 84, 100, 119, 133
Daily Sketch, 55, 94
Daily Telegraph, 30, 43, 55, 62, 63, 81
damage, putative imagery of, 37
Davies, Michael, trial, 105
Dean, James, 183
degradation, 95 see also status degradation
deliberate intent, putative imagery of, 36
delinquency, biography and, xviii-xxii
      culture and, v, ix-xviii, 179-80, 192
      expressive fringe, 180
      new analysis, v
      structure and, vi-ix
      subcultural theory, iii-v, 181.2
      see also deviance
Destruction in Art movement, 142
Detention Centre, 89.90, 102, 103, 105, 122
deterrence, evaluating, 174
      theme in social control, 87
      see also control agents
deviance, theory, ii
      created by control agents, 166-72
      and mass media, 16-19
      primary, 14, 23; secondary, 14, 23
      transactional approach to, 12-16
      see also delinquency
deviation, amplification, 18, 23, 82, 169, 177
      de-amplification, 202, 203
      Ditton's refinement of theory, xxiii
      exploitative culture and, 142.3
      model of, 198.9
      sensitization and, 77.85
diffusion, in control culture, 85, 86
disaster, as attitude orientation, 51.3
      Mods and Rockers analogy, 117
disaster research, 21-2
      sequential model in, 22.4
      susceptibility to rumour, 45
      warning phase in, 44.5
disease, delinquency as, 62.3
distortion, 39, 43, 44, 69
      in mass media, 31.8
      and symbolization, 41.2
divide and rule theme, 58
dramatization, public, 106
      and polarization effect, 108, 171
drug usage, 9, 16, 199
      Clacton, 134.5
      middle-class involvement, 182
      police harassment, 94
      social policy, 14, 87
      Young on, 18
Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Bill, 134.5
Dublin Evening Press, 42

East Anglian Daily Times, 39
East Essex Gazette, 80
Economist, The, 135
education, 181, 182
      and theories of delinquency, vii, viii
embourgeoisement, 178
escalation, in control culture, 85, 86.7
      deviance development, 143
      law courts, 101
Evening Argus (Brighton), 37, 38, 39, 114, 117, 197
Evening Standard, 42, 52, 55, 56, 60, 84, 114, 147
event as news, Boorstin's notion of, 47
exaggeration, see distortion
excitement, manufactured, Matza's notion of, 154
expectancy, in crowd behaviour, 151.2, 154
expectation, 39, 43
      mass media role in reinforcing, 161
explanation, modes and models, 74.6
exploitation, commercial, 139.40
      ideological, 139, 140.43, '62
      see also commercialization

fashion style, and deviance, 193.4
Festival of Light, 120
folk devils, 10.11, 200, 204
football hooliganism, ii, viii, 9, 159
      ritual element, xi
Forest Gate, 79, 80
functionalist anomie theory, iii, xxv

gang, overemphasis on rivalry, 58, 165.6
      putative imagery of, 34
gang delinquency, effect of police action, 169
      theories of, 26.7
generalized belief, growth of, 20
girls, 186.7
      subculture theory, xxi
'glamrock', ii
Glasgow Sunday Mail, 59.
Graham, Billy, 140
Great Yarmouth, 29, 35, 52, 118, 209
Guardian, 56, 62
gullibility effect, 45
Gurden, Harold, 53, 134, 135

Hastings, 32, 36, 38, 39 et passim
      court action, 102, 104
Hastings & St Leonards Observer, 100, 117, 147
hegemony, xxiv
Hells Angels, xxviii, 9, 171, 173
hippies, 9
historicism, viii.ix, xx
history, cumulative resistance, xii-xiii
      dinosaur theory, xiii
      evaporation from events, ii
Holdcroft, Thomas, 55

impact phase, crowd scenes, 149-58
      in sequential model of disaster, 23, 24
      setting the stage, 144.8
inferential structure, 46
innovation, in control culture, 85, 87.91
      police control tactics, 93
      symbolic, xx
      Teddy Boys, 179,'83
intent, xiii.xv, xvii see also consciousness
inventory, 140
      contribution of mass media, 30ff.
      distortion in, 31.8
      as manufactured news, 44.8
      reinforcing effect of, 152, 175
      in sequential model of disaster, 23, 29
Isle of Thanet Gazette, 147

Jagger, Mick, 165, 189
James, David, 91

Kennedy, J. F., 50, 63

labelling theory, ii.iii, xxv, 12-16
Labour Camp scheme, 120, 121, 123
Lancashire Evening Telegraph, 80
law court, 102, 107
      Brighton sentences, 101, 103
      Margate sentences, 102, 108-9
      social control, 85, 101.10, 172
      use of remand in custody, 103-4
legislation, 134.6
Lemert, Edwin M., 14, 15, 19, 34, 139
      societal control culture, 74, 85
Levi.Strauss, Claude, ix, xxvii, xxviii
liberal ideology, vii
Lincolnshire Standard, 79
Little, Alan, 206
local resident, cf. outside reactions, 72.3
      perception of problem, 114.15, 195.6
logic, situational, 167.8
Longford Committee, 120
'lunatic fringe' theme, 59.61, 70

magical solution, x
Magistrates Association, 119
Malicious Damage Bill, 91, 59, 136.7
Malthouse, J., 114
Margate, 36, 55, 100, 116
      cost of damage, 37
      Court action, 102, 107, 108.10
Marijuana Tax Act, 11, 111, 112
Marriage Guidance Council, 142
Marxism, ii, ix, xx, xxv
mass convergence, 159
mass hysteria, 11, 33, 62, 78
mass media, xxiii, 9, 16.19, 20, 50, 163, 178
      distortion and, 31.8, 69
      effect on deviant behaviour, 175.6
      ideological exploitation, 140-41
      lack of context, 177.8
      manufactured news, 44.8
      on.the.spot role of, 161.6
      prediction, 38.40
      presentation, 30.31
      public reaction, 65.70
      source of data, 205.6
      symbolization in, 40.44
Maudling, Reginald, 60
'milling process', 154
mobility, teenage, 194, 195
Mod (Modernist), 10, 184, 195, 200
      female phenomenon, 186.8
      image of, 185, 186
      revival, i, ii
      streaming within movement, 187, 201
Mods and Rockers, 9, 10.11, 19, 20.26, 40 et passim
moral enterprise, 11, 112, 120
moral entrepreneur, and action groups, 124.5, 127
      Becker's notion of, 17
      profile of, 127.32
moral indignation, 197
moral panic, xxii.xxiii, 9, 11, 17, 191.8
moral passage, Gusfield's notion of, 17
morality play, 159.60
Morning Advertiser, 118
motor bike, putative imagery of, 35, 195
mugging, xxi, xxiii
music, reggae, xv, xxii
      Rolling Stones, 183, 184, 188-9
      The Who, 183, 189.90
      youth culture, 180
mythology, 55, 63, 165

New Statesman, 54
New York Herald Tribune, 30
New York Times, 30
news, manufactured, inventory as, 44.8
Northview sample, 66, 67.9, 70, 210

Observer, 103
obsolescence, cycle of, 201
Osborne, John, 41
Ostend, 46
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 63
over.reporting, 31.2
Oz Trial, 55, 108

Paki.bashing, viii, xiii, xviii
persecution, 170, 171
polarization, caused by mass media, 165.6
      dramatization of deviance, 108
      moral panic, 72
      police action increasing, 169.72
      prevention of, 173.4
police, 91, 92
      control tactics, 93.6
      effect on Mods and Rockers' behaviour, 166.72
      harassment, 93.9
      public support for, 99.101
      social control, 85, 89, 174.5
Police Review, 52
political affiliation, 73
polysemy, xvi, xvii <'a single symbol standing for many things'>
pop festival, 47
power, 112, 198
precipitating factors, and collective behaviour, 21
predictability, in inventory of manufactured news, 47
prediction, 53, 66.7; mass media, 38.40, 47
Presley, Elvis, 183
Prohibition laws, 11
Provos, 142
publicity, effect of, 161.6
      publicity.seeking behaviour, 162
      see also mass media
punk, ii, xii, xv, xvii.xviii

Rastafarianism, xv, xxii
reaction, societal, see societal response
recovery, in sequential model of disaster, 23
Rees.Davies, W. R., 62
reggae music, xv, xxii
relativism, cultural, xxvii.xxix
remand in custody, 103.4, 172
remedy, in sequential model of disaster, 23
rescue, in sequential model of disaster, 23
resistance, theme in delinquent subculture, xii
'resistance through ritual', x, xviii, xxiv
responsibility, pyramidical conception of, 113, 116.17
restitution, principle of, 90.9
Richard, Cliff, 180
riot, media use of term, 32
ritual, resistance as symbolic, x-xii
ritualism, in law courts, 107
Rockers, 170, 185
      image of, 185.6, 190
      see also Mods and Rockers
role.playing, 164.5
Rolling Stones, 183, 184, 188.9
romanticism, xxvi
rule creation, 112.19, 166.7
      action groups and, 118, 119-20
rumour, 45, 154-5, 155-6

Salinger, J. D., 184
scapegoating process, 113, 191
scooter, putative imagery of, 35;
      as symbol, 41, 193.4
Scotsman, 62
semiotics, xiv, xxv
sensitization, 77.85
setting, 27.9
      confusion of, 44.5
sex, differences in attitudes to Mods and Rockers, 73
sexual psychopath laws, 111, 113
'shotgun approach', Knopf's concept of, 32
Simpson, Dr George, 55, 62, 108.10
situational impropriety, Goffman's notion of, 167
skinheads, ii, xviii, 9, 187, 20r
      Cohen on, vi.vii
      norm.orientated movements, 120, 127
social change, Mods and Rockers as symbols of, 192
social control, 21, 46, 174
      deviance as artefact of, 15, 18.19
      escalation of, xxiv
      evaluating successful, 174
      exploitation and, 139.43
      law courts and, 85, 101.10
      police and, 91.101
      sensitization and, 77.85
      societal control culture, xxiv, 85.138
      see also control agents
social malaise, 61.2
social types, 11
societal control culture, law courts, 85, 101.10
      Lemert's notion of, 74, 85
societal response, xxii.xxv, 14.15, 165, 173, 175, 183
      creation of exclusive control culture, 111.138
      nature of, 23.5
solidification, sources of crowd, 169.71
      see also polarization
Southend, 39, 46, 95
Spectator, 108
spectators, effect of presence of, 158.61, 175
stage.setting ceremony, 147
Star, 52
status degradation ceremony, 61, 106.7
status frustration, vi
Steele, Tommy, 180
stereotyping, process of spurious attribution in, 54.7
stigmatization, 69
structuralism, xiv, xxv
structure, and delinquency theory, v, vi.ix
student militancy, 9, 199
style, subcultural, ix.xviii, 183.91
subcultural theory, i.xxix, 19, 181.3
subordination, xi, xx, xxi, xxii
Sunday Telegraph, 148
Swastika, epidemic, 163
      symbols, xvii.xviii
symbolic solutions, x.xii, xiv, xv.xvii
symbolization, 76, 81, 94, 157
      processes in mass media, 40.44, 45
      reinforces image, 166
      'Sawdust Caesars', 108.9

teenage culture, 58, 179.80
Teddy Boys, 9, 19, 41, 105, 163, 183.4
      attacks on Blacks, xxi
territoriality, x
threat, 144
      in sequential model of disaster, 22.3
Time and Tide, 52
Times, The, 53, 135
Tin Men, The, (Frayn), 47
Townsend, Pete, 189.90
trade, loss of, 37.8, 115
transactionalism, 12.16
Tribune, 54, 62
typicality, levels of, 61

universality, impression of, 160

'value added schema', 20.1
values, legitimating, and policy determination, 112
vandalism, 9, 36, 134.8
Viewers' and Listeners' Association, National, 120
violence, 9, 36, 160, 163.4
visibility, as requirement for problem definition, 194

warning phase, 22
      complication of, 146.7, 148
      ritualistic nature of, 146, 148
      sensitization process, 144.5
Washington Post, 33
Whitehouse, Mary, 120
Who, The, i, xxv, 183, 189.90
Woking News and Mail, 79
work ethic, rejection of, 181, 188, 192
working class, 9
      predominance of offenders in, 35.6, 181.2

youth culture, 9, 191, 195
      and aspiration, 181.3
      fringe delinquency, 179.80
      post.war theme of, 178.9
      as threat, 197.8

Zoot Suit riots, 40.41, 78, 81-2, 86.7

AUTHOR INDEX [preceded by GENERAL INDEX]
Allport, F. H., 20, 160
Allport, G. W., 215, 221

Baker, G. W., 213, 214, 220
Barker, J. D., 45, 214, 215
Barker, P., 35, 96, 99, 152, 161.2, 214, 215, 221
Becker, H., 202
Becker, H. S., 11, 12, 17, 112, 166, 168, 211, 214, 215, 218, 222, 224
Beckett, S., xiv, xxix
Berger, F. L., 75, 216
Berlin, I., xxxii
Biven, B., 222
Blegvad, B., 222
Blumer, H., 11, 21r
Bogdanor, V., 212, 214, 217, 222, 223
Bondy, C., 222
Booker, C., 21
Boorstin, D. J., 43, 47, 114
Bottomley, K., 217
Bucher, R., 218
Buikhuisen, W., 1?4

Caplowitz, D., 221
Cash, T., 223
Chapman, D. W., 213, 214, 220
Chein, I., 217
Chibnall, S., xxxiii
Chisnel
Cissin, I. H., 212, 214
Clarke, J., xiv, xxxi, xxxii
Clark, K. B., 45, 214
Clark, W. B., 213, 2r4
Cloward, R., xxx
Cohen, A. K., xxx, xxxi, 87, 88, 98, 137, 217, 219
Cohen, P., vi, xi, xx, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiv
Cohen, S., xxxiii, xxxiv, 40, 210, 212, 214, 217, 219, 222, 223
Cohn, N., 188, 224
Corrigan, P., vii. viii, xx, xxix, xxx, xxxi

Day, D., xxxii
Ditton, J., xiii, xxiii, xxxii, xxxiii
Downes, D., iii, xxx, 19, 151, 189, 212, 216, 223
Dunning, E., xxxi

Elmes, F., 215
Erikson, K. T., 17, 106, 139, 192, 212, 218, 219, 224

Farris, R. E. L., 211
Feldman, J. S., 216
Finestone, H., xxx
Frayn, M., 47, 214
Friedenberg, E. Z., 58, 215, 223
Fritz, C. F., 213
Fuller, R. R., 218
Fyvel, T. R., 222

Garber, J., xxxiii
Garfinkel, H., 61, 215
Gittler, J. B., 211
Glueck, E., 215
Glueck, S., 215
Greenberg, B. S., 215, 216
Greene, G., 28, 149, 213
Grosser, G. H., 213, 220
Goffman, E., 139, 150, 167, 219, 220, 222
Goodman, P., xxviii, xxix, xxxiv, 181, 222
Gosling, R., 223
Gouldner, A. W., 219
Guest, D., 224
Gusfield, J., 11, 17, 211, 212, 218, 224

Hall, S., xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, 222
Halloran, J. D., 40, 45, 46, 214, 216, 217
Hargreaves, D. H., 223
Harrington, J., 221
Hebdidge, D.. xii, xiv. xv, xvii, xviii, xxi, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv
Herman, G., 224
Hofstadter, R., 216
Humphreys, L., 219

Ingham, R., xxxi

Jacobs, N., 213, 217
James, T., 216
Janis, I. L., 220
Jefferson, T., xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii
Johnson, D., 216

Kanter, R., xxxiii
Killian, L. M., 160, 218, 221
Kitsuse, J., 2I2
Klapp, O. E., 11, 211
Knopf, T. A., 32, 213, 214, 216

Lahr, J., xxxii
Laing, D., 188, 190, 195, 223, 224
Laing, R. D., 203, 212, 223, 224
Lang, G., 214
Lang, K., 214
Larsen, O. N., 215, 217
Laurie, P., 213, 219, 222
Lee, G. E., 218
Lemert, E. M., 74, 85, 139
Levi.Strauss, C., xxvii, xxviii, xxxiv, 14, 15, 34
Lindesmith, A. R., 218
Little, A., 35, 96, 99, 152, 162, 214, 215
Lucas, J., 217
Luckman, T., 75, 216
Lumbard, J. E., 217

McCron, R., xxxiii
McRobbie, A., xxxiii
MacInnes, C., 184, 223
Mandel, J., 218, 219
Matra, D., 54, 152, 154, 211, 215, 221, 223, 224
Medalia, N. Z., 215, 217
Melly, G., 201, 224
Merton, R. K., 21, 87, 213, 217
Miller, J. G., 213
Miller, S. M., 219
Millman, M., xxviii
Motto, J. A., 221
Mungham, G.., xxx, xxxi, xxxiii
Murdock, G., xxxiii
Musgrove, F., 223
Myers, R. R., 218

Nisbet, R. A., 213
Nunnally, J. C., 66, 216
Nuttall, J., 184, 185, 188, 223, 224

Ohlin, L., xxx

Palmer, T., 215
Parker, E. B., 215, 216
Parker, H., xxxiii
Parker, T., 105, 217
Pearson, G., xiii, xxvii, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv
Postman, L., 221
Pryce, K., xxii, xxxiii
Pulson, D., 217

Ranulf, S., 115, 197, 108, 218, 224
Rivers, W. L., 222
Robins, D., xi, xx, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiv
Rock, P., xxx, 40, 212, 214, 217, 222, 223
Roemer, D. V., 171, 173, 174, 216, 221, 222
Rogers, C., 221
Rubington, E., 212

Schramm, W., 222
Schur, E. M., 218
Scott, P. D., 219
Seabrook, J., xxxiii
Seymour, L., 216
Sheatsley, P. B., 216
Shellow, R., 171, 173, 174, 216, 221, 222
Shibutani, T., 154, 221
Simmons, J. L., 216
Skidelsky, R., 212, 214, 217, 222, 223
Smelser, N. J., 20, 21, 120, 127, 212, 215, 216, 218, 219
Smith, R., 218
Spencer, C., 220
Spiegel, J. P., 217
Surace, S. J., 40, 41, 81, 216
Sutherland, E. H., 83, 113, 217, 218
Sykes, G., 154, 224
Smart, C., xxxiii

Tannenbaum, F., 217
Taylor, I., xxxi, xxxii
Thompson, H. S., xxviii, xxxiv, 145, 220
Thompson, E. P., ix, xiii
Toch, H., 218
Turner, R. H., 11, 40, 41, 81, 160, 211, 214, 216, 217, 218, 221
Turner, V., xxxiii
Tutt, N., xxxi

Veltfort, H. R., 218

Wall, D., xxxii
Walter, N., 223
Wardron, M., 220
Weinberg, M. S., 212
Westley, W., 160, 221
White, J. B., 217
Wilkins, L., 18, 212
Willey, F., 220
Williams, R., 224
Willis, P., iv, vii, viii, xxi, xxx, xxxi
Willmott, P., 223
Withey, S. B., 148, 220
Wolfe, T., 186, 187, 223

Yablonsky, L., 169, 170, 214, 215, 219, 220, 222
Young, J., xxxiii, 17, 19, 61, 212, 224 >